Purpose
To quantify the effects of barrier precautions and antibiotic mixing on prevalence and acquisition of five drug-resistant microorganisms within a single tetanus intensive care unit at a ...tertiary referral hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Methods
All patients admitted within the study period were included. After a 1-year baseline period, barrier precautions were implemented and the single empirical treatment ceftazidime was changed to mixing (per consecutive patient) of three different regimens (ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, piperacillin–tazobactam). Markov chain modeling and genotyping were used to determine the effects of interventions on prevalence levels and the relative importance of cross-transmission and antibiotic-associated selection.
Results
A total of 190 patients were included in year 1 (2,708 patient days, 17,260 cultures) and 167 patients in year 2 (3,384 patient days, 20,580 cultures). In year 1, average daily prevalence rates for methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA), extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
(excluding
Klebsiella pneumoniae
),
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, gentamicin-resistant
K. pneumoniae
, and amikacin-resistant
Acinetobacter
species were 34.0, 61.3, 53.4, 65.7 and 57.1 %. After intervention, ceftazidime usage decreased by 53 %; the use of piperacillin–tazobactam and ciprofloxacin increased 7.2-fold and 4.5-fold, respectively. Adherence to hand hygiene after patient contact was 54 %. These measures were associated with a reduction of MRSA prevalence by 69.8 % (to 10.3 %), mainly because of less cross-transmission (88 % reduction), and of ESBL-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
prevalence by 10.3 % (non-significantly). In contrast, prevalence levels of the other three pathogens remained unaffected.
Conclusion
The combination of simple infection control measures and antibiotic mixing was highly effective in reducing the prevalence of MRSA, but not of Gram-negative microorganisms.
This study aims to estimate the age-specific risks of clinical dengue attack (i.e., the risk of symptomatic dengue among the total number of dengue virus (DENV) infections) during primary and ...secondary infections.
We analyzed two pieces of epidemiological information in Binh Thuan province, southern Vietnam, i.e., age-specific seroprevalence and a community-wide longitudinal study of clinical dengue attack. The latter data set stratified febrile patients with DENV infection by age as well as infection parity. A simple modeling approach was employed to estimate the age-specific risks of clinical dengue attack during primary and secondary infections.
Using the seroprevalence data, the force of infection was estimated to be 11.7% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 10.8-12.7) per year. Median age (and the 25-75 percentiles) of dengue fever patients during primary and secondary infections were 12 (9-20) and 20 (14-31) years, respectively. The estimated age-specific risk of clinical dengue increases as a function of age for both primary and secondary infections; the estimated proportion of symptomatic patients among the total number of infected individuals was estimated to be <7% for those aged <10 years for both primary and secondary infections, but increased as patients become older, reaching to 8-11% by the age of 20 years.
For both primary and secondary infections, higher age at DENV infection was shown to result in higher risk of clinical attack. Age as an important modulator of clinical dengue explains recent increase in dengue notifications in ageing countries in Southeast Asia, and moreover, poses a paradoxical problem of an increase in adult patients resulting from a decline in the force of infection, which may be caused by various factors including time-dependent variations in epidemiological, ecological and demographic dynamics.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This paper investigates the influence of dry high-speed milling on the surface quality of JIS SKD61 hard steel, compared to the conventional coolant fluid method. This research was conducted in a ...Super MC 500 high-speed CNC milling machine with a Hitachi coated carbide 20mm in diameter. High-speed cutting parameters such as cutting speed V, cutting depth t, and spindle speed S were considered as variants. The experiment was designed based on Taguchi's L9. Surface quality, including Ra and Rq, was measured using the Mitutoyo Surftest SV-210. A mathematical regression model was found for the average values of surface roughness through regression analysis for dry and coolant fluid conditions. The chosen high-speed milling parameters and the respective Ra and Rq values were obtained by ANOVA. The grey relation scores for wet and dry milling surface quality for cut depth, feed rate, and cutting speed were 0.7527, 0.7869, 0.6302, and 0.8167, 0.7199, 0.6040, respectively. The results showed that the feed rate had the greatest influence on the surface quality during the high-speed coolant milling of hardened steel, while the depth of the cut had the greatest influence on the surface quality during the high-speed dry milling process.
We investigated the prevalence, diversity, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) and associated risk factors on 341 pig, chicken, and duck farms in Dong Thap ...province (Mekong Delta, Vietnam). Sampling was stratified by species, district (four categories), and farm size (three categories). Pooled faeces, collected using boot swabs, were tested using ISO 6575: 2002 (Annex D). Isolates were serogrouped; group B isolates were tested by polymerase chain reaction to detect S. Typhimurium and (monophasic) serovar 4,5,12:i:- variants. The farm-level adjusted NTS prevalence was 64·7%, 94·3% and 91·3% for chicken, duck and pig farms, respectively. Factors independently associated with NTS were duck farms odds ratio (OR) 21·2, farm with >50 pigs (OR 11·9), pig farm with 5–50 pigs (OR 4·88) (vs. chickens), and frequent rodent sightings (OR 2·3). Both S. Typhimurium and monophasic S. Typhimurium were more common in duck farms. Isolates had a high prevalence of resistance (77·6%) against tetracycline, moderate resistance (20–30%) against chloramphenicol, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, ampicillin and nalidixic acid, and low resistance (<5%) against ciprofloxacin and third-generation cephalosporins. Multidrug resistance (resistance against ⩾3 classes of antimicrobial) was independently associated with monophasic S. Typhimurium and other group B isolates (excluding S. Typhimurium) and pig farms. The unusually high prevalence of NTS on Mekong Delta farms poses formidable challenges for control.
An aqueous-based, green, one-pot, and surfactant-less method to synthesize highly dispersed Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs) on graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets at room temperature was reported. The Pd/GO ...nanocomposites display an even distribution of highly-dispersed polyhedral PdNPs at high density onto GO sheets. The number density and size of deposited PdNPs are facilely adjusted by controlling the quantity of GO in the growth solution. The Pd/GO nanocomposites demonstrate a superior catalytic activity with apparent rate constant kapp of 1.057 min−1 and an excellent stability of up to 15 recycle times toward the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) without any loss in efficiency. In addition, different factors including the amount of nanocatalysts, GO, ascorbic acid, and the molar ratio of 4-NP vs. NaBH4 also play crucial roles in manipulating the catalytic activities of the as-synthesized Pd/GO nanocomposites. This facile and green synthetic approach combined with their remarkable catalytic activity and durability highlight the potential of the Pd/GO nanocomposites in removal of recalcitrant organic compounds.
•The Pd/GO nanocomposites synthesized by a single step without any toxic chemicals and surfactants at room temperature.•Ascorbic acid was used as the mild reductant.•The PdNPs are highly-dispersed and of polyhedral shapes.•The Pd/GO showed superb catalytic activity (kapp = 1.057 min−1) and can be recycled up to 15 times without loss in efficiency.
Bacteriophages infecting Edwardsiella ictaluri have been less investigated, although the host bacterium is one of the most important fish pathogens causing enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC). We ...present here two distinctly novel bacteriophages vB_EiM_PVN06 and vB_EiA_PVN09 infecting Edwardsiella ictaluri E1, with their geographical origins from the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Bacteriophage vB_EiM_PVN06 native to a mud sample reveals complete differences of biological properties with the phage vB_EiA_PVN09 originated from a viscus of a healthy catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) cultured in the same area. Morphological analyses combined with genomic data indicate that phage vB_EiM_PVN06 is classified to Myoviridae family and shares high similarity with E. ictaluri phage PEi21 genome, while vB_EiA_PVN09 is a member of Teseptimavirus genus, Autographiviridae family, and mostly closes to phage vB_EcoP_IME390. The vB_EiA_PVN09 is a T7-like bacteriophage, which has been firstly found infecting to E. ictaluri, and host range analysis also evidences for the cross-infection of this phage to Escherichia coli K12 and Escherichia coli DH5α. Together, our research highlights the diversity of bacteriophages infecting the pathogen E. ictaluri and suggests further explorations of lytic phages in environmental niches, to be exploited in feasible strategies of phage therapy in ESC disease control.
Although many investigations on phytochemicals in rice plant parts and root exudates have been conducted, information on the chemical profile of essential oil (EO) and potent biological activities ...has been limited. In this study, chemical compositions of rice leaf EO and in vitro biological activities were investigated. From 1.5 kg of fresh rice leaves, an amount of 20 mg EO was obtained by distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), electrospray ionization (ESI), and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) to reveal the presence of twelve volatile constituents, of which methyl ricinoleate (27.86%) was the principal compound, followed by palmitic acid (17.34%), and linolenic acid (11.16%), while 2-pentadecanone was the least (2.13%). Two phytoalexin momilactones A and B were first time identified in EO using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-MS) (9.80 and 4.93 ng/g fresh weight, respectively), which accounted for 7.35% and 3.70% of the EO, respectively. The assays of DPPH (IC
= 73.1 µg/mL), ABTS (IC
= 198.3 µg/mL), FRAP (IC
= 700.8 µg/mL) and β-carotene oxidation (LPI = 79%) revealed that EO possessed an excellent antioxidant activity. The xanthine oxidase assay indicated that the anti-hyperuricemia potential was in a moderate level (IC
= 526 µg/mL) as compared with the standard allopurinol. The EO exerted potent inhibition on growth of
, and two noxious weeds
, and
, but in contrast, the growth of rice seedlings was promoted. Among the examined plants, the growth of the
root was the most inhibited, proposing that constituents found in EO may have potential for the control of the problematic paddy weed
. It was found that the EO of rice leaves contained rich phytochemicals, which were potent in antioxidants and gout treatment, as well as weed management. Findings of this study highlighted the potential value of rice leaves, which may provide extra benefits for rice farmers.
A double burden of malnutrition in Vietnamese children has emerged as a key challenge: childhood undernutrition remains a public health concern while childhood overweight/obesity has gradually ...increased. This study aimed to (1) estimate the prevalence of undernutrition and overnutrition among 6⁻9-year-old primary school children in rural areas of Vietnam, and (2) identify sociodemographic factors associated with undernutrition and overnutrition in this population. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in October 2016 in 2334 children from eight primary schools in rural areas in Hai Phong City, Vietnam. Anthropometric and demographic data were collected. The prevalence of underweight, stunting, wasting, and anthropometric failure was 8.0%, 5.1%, 5.3%, and 11.9%, respectively. Up to 22.1% of children were affected by overweight/obesity, and 31.0% by abdominal overweight/obesity. Low maternal education was associated with higher odds of underweight and anthropometric failure, whereas overweight/obesity or abdominal overweight/obesity were more likely in boys and children of mothers with a high education level. This study provides evidence for a double burden of diseases among primary school children in rural areas in Hai Phong City. Future interventions for the prevention and control of childhood undernutrition and overweight/obesity should take into account child sex and maternal education level.
An estimated 2.4 billion people live in areas at risk of dengue transmission, therefore the factors determining the establishment of endemic dengue in areas where transmission suitability is marginal ...is of considerable importance. Hanoi, Vietnam is such an area, and following a large dengue outbreak in 2009, we set out to determine if dengue is emerging in Hanoi.
We undertook a temporal and spatial analysis of 25,983 dengue cases notified in Hanoi between 1998 and 2009. Age standardized incidence rates, standardized age of infection, and Standardized Morbidity Ratios (SMR) were calculated. A quasi-Poisson regression model was used to determine if dengue incidence was increasing over time. Wavelet analysis was used to explore the periodicity of dengue transmission and the association with climate variables. After excluding the two major outbreak years of 1998 and 2009 and correcting for changes in population age structure, we identified a significant annual increase in the incidence of dengue cases over the period 1999-2008 (incidence rate ratio = 1.38, 95% confidence interval = 1.20-1.58, p value = 0.002). The age of notified dengue cases in Hanoi is high, with a median age of 23 years (mean 26.3 years). After adjusting for changes in population age structure, there was no statistically significant change in the median or mean age of dengue cases over the period studied. Districts in the central, highly urban, area of Hanoi have the highest incidence of dengue (SMR>3).
Hanoi is a low dengue transmission setting where dengue incidence has been increasing year on year since 1999. This trend needs to be confirmed with serological surveys, followed by studies to determine the underlying drivers of this emergence. Such studies can provide insights into the biological, demographic, and environmental changes associated with vulnerability to the establishment of endemic dengue.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This study deals with the preparation and characterization of platinum/reduced graphene oxide (Pt/rGO) as an efficient cathode for dye-sensitized solar cells. Herein, the Pt/rGO material was ...synthesized by co-precipitation from hexachloroplatinic acid (H
2
PtCl
6
) and graphene oxide (GO) precursors. The fabrication of cathodes from Pt/rGO composite paste was carried out using screen-printing paste. The electrochemical behaviors of as-prepared cathodes were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry; the performance of fabricated DSSCs was measured by current density–voltage (J-V) curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The structural characteristics of the Pt/rGO binary composites were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy. Empirical data showed that choosing ascorbic acid as a reducing agent at a ratio of 5:1 between ascorbic acid weight and precursor mixture weight, as well as a GO weight percentage of 20% fabricated DSSCs successfully with a conversion efficiency of 6.25%, which was approximately 90% compared to that of pure commercial Pt material. Characterization results indicated that the Pt nanoparticles were homogeneously distributed on the rGO sheets with an average diameter of less than 25 nm. The Pt/rGO hybrid composite is highly expected to replace Pt in the fabrication of cathodes in DSSCs for low-cost DSSC production in the promising future.
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