Evolution of the nervous system Sauer, K P; Hoch, M
Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Notfallmedizin, Schmerztherapie : AINS
37, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This review tries to establish a synthesis between the comparative/morphological approach and the molecular analysis of ontogenetic processes in development and evolution. We use the formation of the ...nervous system in metazoans as a paradigm to point out that highly conserved molecular mechanisms may be responsible to generate tissues and organ systems in bilateria. We discuss the conserved role of the Hox genes in anterior- posterior patterning, the function of the Achaete-scute genes and of the Notch/Delta signalling cascade in determining neural fates and the role of the BMP-4/Dpp-signalling pathway in positioning the neuroectoderm along the dorso-ventral axis of vertebrates and insects. We try to demonstrate that the evolution of complex body structures is based on modifying ontogenetic processes.
To assess 1) the value of fluorescence immunocytochemistry (uCyt+ test, DiagnoCure Inc., Quebec) in the detection of recurrent bladder tumour after transurethral resection (TUR) and 2) the predictive ...value of a positive uCyt+ test in patients with negative cystoscopy.
This study was based on 132 patients with a mean follow-up of 21.9 weeks after TUR. The initial tumours were pTa G1-2 in 66.7% of cases, and G3 in 28.8% of cases. Cystoscopy, urine cytology (UC) and uCyt+ test data were collected on the day of the first control visit (D0), and the patients were then reviewed at 6 and 12 months. All lesions detected on cystoscopy were biopsed.
The mean sensitivity of UC was 47.4% and the mean sensitivity of uCyt+ was 73.7% (84.2% in combination). In patients with negative cystoscopy on D0, a positive uCyt+ test has no predictive value at 6 months. At 12 months, 20.0% of patients with positive UC had relapsed, versus 16.7% of patients with negative UC (p = ns). On the other hand, at 12 months, 50.0% of patients with negative cystoscopy but positive uCyt+ test had relapsed, versus 16.4% of patients with a negative uCyt+ test (p < 0.01).
The uCyt+ test allows assessment of the risk of recurrence at I year, while UC alone only has a diagnostic value. These results raise the possibility of combining the tests in order to decrease the frequency of follow-up cystoscopy.
Gene Regulation in the Drosophila Embryo Sauer, Frank; Rivera-Pomar, Rolando; Hoch, Michael ...
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological sciences,
04/1996, Letnik:
351, Številka:
1339
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Pattern formation in Drosophila depends on hierarchical interactions between the maternal and zygotic gene activities which subdivide the embryo into increasingly smaller metameric units along the ...anterior-posterior axis. Here we describe those genes that encode the transcription factors which control precisely the expression of subordinate transcription factors in time and space. This regulation operates through the protein-protein interactions between transcription factors bound to the cis-acting enhancers, which eventually determine the frequency of transcription initiation by polymerase II. Our data show that taking into account the multiple transcriptional activators and repressors that bind to a typical enhancer element, it is likely that the regulation of gene expression in a given cell is defined by their concentration-dependent interplay which directs target gene expression in a position-dependent fashion.
We report about the design and the initial performances of the pathfinder mission for a possible large scale neutrino telescope named "STRings for Absorption length in Water" (STRAW). In June 2018 ...STRAW has been deployed at the Cascadia Basin site operated by Ocean Network Canada and has been collecting data since then. At a depth of about 2600 meters, the two STRAW 120 meters tall mooring lines are instrumented by three "Precision Optical Calibration Modules" (POCAM) and five Digital Optical Sensors (sDOM). We describe the instrumentation deployed and first light in the Pacific Ocean.
The spin-lattice relaxation time (T sub 1 ) in arsenic ( exp 75 As nucleus; I = 3/2) has been measured, using pulsed nuclear-quadrupole-resonance methods, as a function of temperature from 4-596K. ...The results show that T sub 1 follows the Korringa relation (T sub 1 T = const) for temperatures below the Debye temperature ( Theta sub D = 282K). Above Theta sub D the data break away from this relation, and the measured T sub 1 is shorter than that predicted by a nucleus-carrier relaxation model. Previous calculations of nucleus-carrier spin-flip transition probabilities invovling a spherical Fermi surface (FS) have been extended to the nonspherical FS of As. Modified expressions have been derived using a spheroidal approximation to the FS pockets. The carrier wave functions are approximated by free-atom wave functions. These calculations can account for the magnitude of measured nucleus-carrier interactions at low temperatures, and predict the usual Korringa law for the temperature dependence. The experimental results above Theta sub D can be accounted for using both nucleus-carrier processes ( proportional to T) and nucleus-phonon process ( proportional to T exp 2 ).
Irregular facets (If) is a dominant mutation of Drosophila that results in small eyes with fused ommatidia. Previous results showed that the gene Krueppel (Kr), which is best known for its early ...segmentation function, is expressed ectopically in If mutant eye discs. However, it was not known whether ectopic Kr activity is either the cause or the result of the If mutation. Here, we show that If is a gain-of-function allele of Kr. We then used the If mutation in a genetic screen to identify dominant enhancers and suppressors of Kr activity on the third chromosome. Of 30 identified Kr-interacting loci, two were cloned, and we examined whether they also represent components of a natural Kr-dependent developmental pathway of the embryo. We show that the two genes, eyelid (eld) and extramacrochaetae (emc), which encode a Bright family-type DNA binding protein and a helix-loop-helix factor, respectively, are necessary to achieve the singling-out of a unique Kr-expressing cell during the development of the Malpighian tubules, the excretory organs of the fly. The results indicate that the Kr gain-of-function mutation If provides a tool to identify genes that are active during eye development and that a number of them function also in the control of Kr- dependent developmental processes.
The German version of the depression subscale of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HADS) was used to rate symptom levels of depression (cutoff, <8). In (+D+CAD) and (+D-CAD) patients, ...Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Version IV (SCID-IV) revealed major depression in 25, major depression in the last months in 11, and dysthymia in 7 patients.
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