In Hunting Nature, Thomas P. Hodge explores Ivan Turgenev's relationship to nature through his conception, description, and practice of hunting—the most unquenchable passion of his life. Informed by ...an ecocritical perspective, Hodge takes an approach that is equal parts interpretive and documentarian, grounding his observations thoroughly in Russian cultural and linguistic context and a wide range of Turgenev's fiction, poetry, correspondence, and other writings. Included within the book are some of Turgenev's important writings on nature—never previously translated into English. Turgenev, who is traditionally identified as a chronicler of Russia's ideological struggles, is presented in Hunting Nature as an expert naturalist whose intimate knowledge of flora and fauna deeply informed his view of philosophy, politics, and the role of literature in society. Ultimately, Hodge argues that we stand to learn a great deal about Turgenev's thought and complex literary technique when we read him in both cultural and environmental contexts. Hodge details how Turgenev remains mindful of the way textual detail is wedded to the organic world—the priroda that he observed, and ached for, more keenly than perhaps any other Russian writer.
In Hunting Nature, Thomas P. Hodge explores Ivan Turgenev's relationship to nature through his conception, description, and practice of hunting—the most unquenchable passion of his life. Informed by ...an ecocritical perspective, Hodge takes an approach that is equal parts interpretive and documentarian, grounding his observations thoroughly in Russian cultural and linguistic context and a wide range of Turgenev's fiction, poetry, correspondence, and other writings. Included within the book are some of Turgenev's important writings on nature—never previously translated into English. Turgenev, who is traditionally identified as a chronicler of Russia's ideological struggles, is presented in Hunting Nature as an expert naturalist whose intimate knowledge of flora and fauna deeply informed his view of philosophy, politics, and the role of literature in society. Ultimately, Hodge argues that we stand to learn a great deal about Turgenev's thought and complex literary technique when we read him in both cultural and environmental contexts. Hodge details how Turgenev remains mindful of the way textual detail is wedded to the organic world—the priroda that he observed, and ached for, more keenly than perhaps any other Russian writer.
In Hunting Nature , Thomas P. Hodge explores Ivan
Turgenev's relationship to nature through his conception,
description, and practice of hunting-the most unquenchable passion
of his life. Informed by ...an ecocritical perspective, Hodge takes an
approach that is equal parts interpretive and documentarian,
grounding his observations thoroughly in Russian cultural and
linguistic context and a wide range of Turgenev's fiction, poetry,
correspondence, and other writings. Included within the book are
some of Turgenev's important writings on nature-never previously
translated into English.
Turgenev, who is traditionally identified as a chronicler of
Russia's ideological struggles, is presented in Hunting
Nature as an expert naturalist whose intimate knowledge of
flora and fauna deeply informed his view of philosophy, politics,
and the role of literature in society. Ultimately, Hodge argues
that we stand to learn a great deal about Turgenev's thought and
complex literary technique when we read him in both cultural and
environmental contexts. Hodge details how Turgenev remains mindful
of the way textual detail is wedded to the organic world-the
priroda that he observed, and ached for, more keenly than
perhaps any other Russian writer.
Background To improve methods for long-term weight management, the Weight Loss Maintenance (WLM) trial, a four-center randomized trial, was conducted to compare alternative strategies for maintaining ...weight loss over a 30-month period. This paper describes methods and results for the initial 6-month weight-loss program (Phase I). Methods Eligible adults were aged ≥25, overweight or obese (BMI=25–45 kg/m2 ), and on medications for hypertension and/or dyslipidemia. Anthropomorphic, demographic, and psychosocial measures were collected at baseline and 6 months. Participants ( n =1685) attended 20 weekly group sessions to encourage calorie restriction, moderate-intensity physical activity, and the DASH (dietary approaches to stop hypertension) dietary pattern. Weight-loss predictors with missing data were replaced by multiple imputation. Results Participants were 44% African American and 67% women; 79% were obese (BMI≥30), 87% were taking anti-hypertensive medications, and 38% were taking antidyslipidemia medications. Participants attended an average of 72% of 20 group sessions. They self-reported 117 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week, kept 3.7 daily food records per week, and consumed 2.9 servings of fruits and vegetables per day. The Phase-I follow-up rate was 92%. Mean (SD) weight change was −5.8 kg (4.4), and 69% lost at least 4 kg. All race–gender subgroups lost substantial weight: African-American men (−5.4 kg ± 7.7); African-American women (−4.1 kg ± 2.9); non–African-American men (−8.5 kg ± 12.9); and non–African-American women (−5.8 kg ± 6.1). Behavioral measures (e.g., diet records and physical activity) accounted for most of the weight-loss variation, although the association between behavioral measures and weight loss differed by race and gender groups. Conclusions The WLM behavioral intervention successfully achieved clinically significant short-term weight loss in a diverse population of high-risk patients.
Large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia is a clonal proliferative disease of T and natural killer (NK) cells. Interleukin (IL)-15 is important for the development and progression of LGL leukemia and ...is a survival factor for normal NK and T memory cells. IL-15 alters expression of Bcl-2 family members, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bim, Noxa, and Mcl-1; however, effects on Bid have not been shown. Using an adoptive transfer model, we show that NK cells from Bid-deficient mice survive longer than cells from wild-type control mice when transferred into IL-15-null mice. In normal human NK cells, IL-15 significantly reduces Bid accumulation. Decreases in Bid are not due to alterations in RNA accumulation but result from increased proteasomal degradation. IL-15 up-regulates the E3 ligase HDM2 and we find that HDM2 directly interacts with Bid. HDM2 suppression by short hairpin RNA increases Bid accumulation lending further support for HDM2 involvement in Bid degradation. In primary leukemic LGLs, Bid levels are low but are reversed with bortezomib treatment with subsequent increases in LGL apoptosis. Overall, these data provide a novel molecular mechanism for IL-15 control of Bid that potentially links this cytokine to leukemogenesis through targeted proteasome degradation of Bid and offers the possibility that proteasome inhibitors may aid in the treatment of LGL leukemia.
Vitamin D acts through the immature osteoblast to stimulate osteoclastogenesis. Transgenic elevation of VDR in mature osteoblasts was found to inhibit osteoclastogenesis associated with an altered ...OPG response. This inhibition was confined to cancellous bone. This study indicates that vitamin D–mediated osteoclastogenesis is regulated locally by OPG production in the mature osteoblast.
Introduction: Vitamin D stimulates osteoclastogenesis acting through its nuclear receptor (VDR) in immature osteoblast/stromal cells. This mobilization of calcium stores does not occur in a random manner, with bone preferentially removed from cancellous bone. The process whereby the systemic, humoral regulator is targeted to a particular region of the skeleton is unclear.
Materials and Methods: Bone resorption was assessed in mice with vitamin D receptor transgenically elevated in mature osteoblasts (OSVDR). Vitamin D–mediated osteoclastogenesis was examined in vitro using OSVDR osteoblasts and osteoblastic RANKL: osteoprotegerin (OPG) examined in vivo and in vitro after vitamin D treatment.
Results: Vitamin D–mediated osteoclastogenesis was reduced in OSVDR mice on chow and calcium‐restricted diets, with effects confined to cancellous bone. OSVDR osteoblasts had a reduced capacity to support osteoclastogenesis in culture. The vitamin D–mediated reduction in OPG expression was reduced in OSVDR osteoblasts in vivo and in vitro, resulting in a reduced RANKL/OPG ratio in OSVDR compared with wildtype, after exposure to vitamin D.
Conclusions: Mature osteoblasts play an inhibitory role in bone resorption, with active vitamin D metabolites acting through the VDR to increase OPG. This inhibition is less active in cancellous bone, effectively targeting this region for resorption after the systemic release of activated vitamin D metabolites.
CONTEXT Behavioral weight loss interventions achieve short-term success,
but re-gain is common. OBJECTIVE To compare 2 weight loss maintenance interventions with a self-directed control group. ...DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Two-phase trial in which 1032 overweight or obese adults (38%
African American, 63% women) with hypertension, dyslipidemia, or both who had lost at least 4 kg during a 6-month weight loss program (phase 1) were randomized to a weight-loss maintenance intervention (phase 2). Enrollment at 4 academic centers occurred August 2003-July 2004
and randomization, February-December 2004. Data collection was completed in June 2007. INTERVENTIONS After the phase 1 weight-loss program, participants were randomized to one of the following groups for 30 months: monthly personal contact,
unlimited access to an interactive technology–based intervention,
or self-directed control. MAIN OUTCOME Changes in weight from randomization. RESULTS Mean entry weight was 96.7 kg. During the initial 6-month program,
mean weight loss was 8.5 kg. After randomization, weight regain occurred.
Participants in the personal-contact group regained less weight (4.0
kg) than those in the self-directed group (5.5 kg; mean difference at 30 months, −1.5 kg; 95% confidence interval CI, −2.4
to −0.6 kg; P = .001). At 30 months, weight regain did not differ between the interactive technology–based (5.2 kg) and self-directed groups (5.5 kg; mean difference −0.3
kg; 95% CI, −1.2 to 0.6 kg; P = .51);
however, weight regain was lower in the interactive technology–based than in the self-directed group at 18 months (mean difference, −1.1
kg; 95% CI, −1.9 to −0.4 kg; P = .003) and at 24 months (mean difference, −0.9
kg; 95% CI, −1.7 to −0.02 kg; P = .04). At 30 months, the difference between the personal-contact and interactive technology–based group was −1.2 kg (95%
CI −2.1 to −0.3; P = .008).
Effects did not differ significantly by sex, race, age, and body mass index subgroups. Overall, 71% of study participants remained below entry weight. CONCLUSIONS The majority of individuals who successfully completed an initial behavioral weight loss program maintained a weight below their initial level. Monthly brief personal contact provided modest benefit in sustaining weight loss, whereas an interactive techonology–based intervention provided early but transient benefit. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00054925
We present the Spitzer Extragalactic Representative Volume Survey (SERVS), an18 deg2
18
deg
2
medium-deep survey at 3.6 and 4.5 μm with the postcryogenicSpitzer Space Telescopeto≈2 μJy
≈
2
μ
...Jy
(AB = 23.1
AB
=
23.1
) depth of five highly observed astronomical fields (ELAIS-N1, ELAIS-S1, Lockman Hole, Chandra Deep Field South, and XMM-LSS). SERVS is designed to enable the study of galaxy evolution as a function of environment from
z ∼ 5
z
∼
5
to the present day and is the first extragalactic survey that is both large enough and deep enough to put rare objects such as luminous quasars and galaxy clusters at
z ≳ 1
z
≳
1
into their cosmological context. SERVS is designed to overlap with several key surveys at optical, near- through far-infrared, submillimeter, and radio wavelengths to provide an unprecedented view of the formation and evolution of massive galaxies. In this article, we discuss the SERVS survey design, the data processing flow from image reduction and mosaicking to catalogs, and coverage of ancillary data from other surveys in the SERVS fields. We also highlight a variety of early science results from the survey.
For most individuals, long-term maintenance of weight loss requires long-term, supportive intervention. Internet-based weight loss maintenance programs offer considerable potential for meeting this ...need. Careful design processes are required to maximize adherence and minimize attrition.
This paper describes the development, implementation and use of a Web-based intervention program designed to help those who have recently lost weight sustain their weight loss over 1 year.
The weight loss maintenance website was developed over a 1-year period by an interdisciplinary team of public health researchers, behavior change intervention experts, applications developers, and interface designers. Key interactive features of the final site include social support, self-monitoring, written guidelines for diet and physical activity, links to appropriate websites, supportive tools for behavior change, check-in accountability, tailored reinforcement messages, and problem solving and relapse prevention training. The weight loss maintenance program included a reminder system (automated email and telephone messages) that prompted participants to return to the website if they missed their check-in date. If there was no log-in response to the email and telephone automated prompts, a staff member called the participant. We tracked the proportion of participants with at least one log-in per month, and analyzed log-ins as a result of automated prompts.
The mean age of the 348 participants enrolled in an ongoing randomized trial and assigned to use the website was 56 years; 63% were female, and 38% were African American. While weight loss data will not be available until mid-2008, website use remained high during the first year with over 80% of the participants still using the website during month 12. During the first 52 weeks, participants averaged 35 weeks with at least one log-in. Email and telephone prompts appear to be very effective at helping participants sustain ongoing website use.
Developing interactive websites is expensive, complex, and time consuming. We found that extensive paper prototyping well in advance of programming and a versatile product manager who could work with project staff at all levels of detail were essential to keeping the development process efficient.
clinicaltrials.gov NCT00054925.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Hodge describes the sporting world of 19th-century Russia and demonstrates the profundity of Ivan Turgenev's immersion in it. He also discusses how this expertise shaped his view of the natural world ...and understanding of classical mythology and proposes a new reading of Bazarov's fate in Fathers and Children based on cynegetic elements in that novel--by this Hogde means images of and references to the hunter's pursuit of game with the assistance of dogs.
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