This experiment demonstrated that behavioral depression produced by exposure of rats to strong uncontrollable shocks could be reversed by infusion of the alpha-2 adrenergic agonist clonidine into the ...region of the locus coeruleus (LC). A 20-min infusion, through bilateral cannulae, into the locus coeruleus of clonidine, piperoxane (alpha-2 antagonist) or inactive vehicle (0.85% saline), was given beginning 70 min after the animals were removed from the stress situation. The dose and volume of drug given in the infusion (0.16 microgram/microliter, 0.1 microliter/min) had been previously shown to produce effects specific to the locus coeruleus (Weiss, Simson, Hoffman, Ambrose, Cooper and Webster, 1986; Neuropharmacology 25: 367-384). At the conclusion of the infusion, active behavior of animals was measured in a 15-min swim test. Results showed that stressed animals infused with vehicle exhibited significantly less active behavior in the swim test than did non-stressed animals infused with vehicle, thereby showing the usual behavioral depression seen after exposure to an uncontrollable stress. Stressed animals infused with clonidine showed no difference in active behavior in comparison to non-stressed animals infused with vehicle and showed significantly more activity than did the stressed animals infused with vehicle. Stressed animals infused with piperoxane showed no significant difference in activity in comparison to the stressed animals infused with vehicle and were significantly less active than either the non-stressed animals infused with vehicle or the stressed animals infused with clonidine. Thus, infusion into the locus coeruleus of the alpha-2 agonist clonidine, but not the alpha-2 antagonist piperoxane, eliminated behavioral depression.
Science Over Politics Lanza, Robert P.; Arrow, Kenneth J.; Axelrod, Julius ...
Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science),
03/1999, Letnik:
283, Številka:
5409
Journal Article
Although uncommon, the association of chronic encephalitis with epilepsy is well recognized. While a viral etiology has been suspected based on the morphology, to date no virus has been successfully ...cultured from the brain in patients with Rasmussen's encephalitis. We describe the pathologic findings and report the detection of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) in the brain in two patients who presented primarily with intractable seizures. In the first patient, an intrauterine infection was suspected as the underlying basis for the seizure disorder and the extensive cerebral calcification and gliosis. The second patient (with presumed HSV1 encephalitis at age 7 months) underwent a temporal lobectomy for medically refractory seizures at the age of 3 years and pathologic examination revealed a chronic encephalitis. While immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and culture studies were negative for viral pathogens, molecular analysis by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed HSV1 DNA sequences in both cases. Thus our cases represent two examples of chronic encephalitis associated with a seizure disorder, where a definitive viral etiology was documented by PCR.
A review of atypical mycobacterial infections complicating cardiac operations is presented. Proven sources of infections at different institutions include contaminated porcine valves and municipal ...water supply, but the mode of transmission in the great majority of patients remains unclear. There are two principal clinical forms of atypical mycobacterial infections after cardiac operations—endocarditis and sternal osteomyelitis. The latter has characteristics resembling tuberculotic “cold abscess.” Specialized laboratory testing is necessary to confirm the diagnosis, and surgeons may have to take the initiative to request special microbiological investigation in cases where infection is clinically suspected but routine cultures are reported as “negative.” The prognosis for patients who have any atypical mycobacterial infection after a heart operation is severe. Those infected with the strain
chelonei and those whose cardiac chambers were entered during operation fare worse. This dim clinical prognosis may be improved by appropriate and aggressive antibiotic and surgical therapy. Awareness of the urgency of special bacteriological studies is the key to successful management.
1 Cancer Research Institute
and 2 Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, U.S.A.
We examined the ...properties of the mouse serum lipoprotein responsible for specific neutralization of the endogenous mouse xenotropic (X-tropic) type C retrovirus. The anti-X-tropic virus activity of the mouse lipoprotein neutralizing factor (NF) could not be blocked by sugars or lectins. Moreover, neutralization did not involve rupture of the virion core. Sucrose density gradient analysis of X-tropic virus mixed with various lipoprotein preparations demonstrated that the binding of complete virions to NF is associated with the neutralization.
Keywords: murine leukaemia virus, lipoproteins, retrovirus
Received 18 January 1988;
accepted 22 June 1988.
The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will be a discovery machine for the astronomy and physics communities, revealing astrophysical phenomena from the Solar System to the outer reaches of the ...observable Universe. While many discoveries will be made using LSST data alone, taking full scientific advantage of LSST will require ground-based optical-infrared (OIR) supporting capabilities, e.g., observing time on telescopes, instrumentation, computing resources, and other infrastructure. This community-based study identifies, from a science-driven perspective, capabilities that are needed to maximize LSST science. Expanding on the initial steps taken in the 2015 OIR System Report, the study takes a detailed, quantitative look at the capabilities needed to accomplish six representative LSST-enabled science programs that connect closely with scientific priorities from the 2010 decadal surveys. The study prioritizes the resources needed to accomplish the science programs and highlights ways that existing, planned, and future resources could be positioned to accomplish the science goals.
Cilj je ovog istraživanja bio utvrditi učinke maksimalnog intervalnog sprintanja po 30 sekunda (SIE) i usporediti ih s umjerenim aerobnim treniranjem (MA) na povišenu potrošnju kisika nakon ...vježbanja. Šest muškaraca rekreativaca (23.3±1.4 godina, 81.8 ± 9.9 kg i 180.8 ± 6.3 cm) je, u slučajnom uravnoteženom nacrtu eksperimenta, provelo intervalni sprinterski trening koji se sastojao od tri ponavljanja Wingate testa (30 sekunda) na biciklu sa odmorima po 4 minute (ukupno trajanje zadatka približno 11 minuta) te umjereni aerobni trening koji se sastojao od 30 minuta bicikliranja intenzitetom od 60% rezerve srčane frekvencije. Početni primitak kisika (VO2) je bio utvrđen kao prosječna vrijednost VO2 zabilježena u zadnjih 5 minuta 30-minutnog odmora u ležećem položaju koji se primjenjivao prije svakog eksperimentalnog protokola. Nakon svakog protokola, VO2 je bio mjeren tijekom 30 minuta ili do trenutka kada se VO2 spustio na početnu vrijednost. EPOC je utvrđen oduzimanjem početne vrijednosti VO2 od vrijednosti VO2 zabilježenih nakon eksperimentalnih protokola. Energetska potrošnja (kJ) je bila utvrđena množenjem potrošenih kJ po litri kisika sa prosječnim VO2 tijekom oporavka. Vrijednosti EPOC-a bile su značajno više u sprinterskoj grupi (SIE 7,5±1,3 l) u odnosu na vrijednosti u grupi MA (1,8±0,7). Sprinterski zadatak je proizveo višu kalorijsku potrošnju tijekom oporavka (156,9 kJ) u usporedbi s umjerenim aerobnim zadatkom MA (41,0 kJ) te je ona ostala značajno povišena (p=0,024) u odnosu na razinu u mirovanju tijekom cijelog perioda oporavka (30 minuta) za razliku od MA (6 minuta, p=0,003). Potrebna energija za oporavak nakon 3 ponovljena maksimalna Wingate testa od 30 sekunda bila je viša nego nakon 30 minuta umjerene aerobne aktivnosti. Buduća istraživanja trebala bi ispitati kronične učinke protokola maksimalnih sprinterskih napora na kardiovaskularni fitnes i sastav tijela.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, FSPLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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