For solid-state spin qubits, single-gate rf readout can minimize the number of gates required for scale-up since the readout sensor can integrate into the existing gates used to manipulate the ...qubits. However, state-of-the-art topological error correction codes benefit from the ability to resolve the qubit state within a single shot, that is, without repeated measurements. Here, we demonstrate single-gate, single-shot readout of a singlet-triplet spin state in silicon, with an average readout fidelity of 82.9% at 3.3 kHz measurement bandwidth. We use this technique to measure a tripletT−to singletS0relaxation time of 0.62 ms in precision donor quantum dots in silicon. We also show that the use of rf readout does not impact the spin lifetimes (S0toT−decay remained approximately 2 ms at zero detuning). This establishes single-gate sensing as a viable readout method for spin qubits.
A student's introduction to the first centuries in the history of the English language
The first edition of 'An Introduction to Old English' was written by Richard Hogg. The second edition has been ...revised by Rhona Alcorn.
Combining a wide variety of short texts with a coherent and up-to-date assessment of the forms of language which remain as the foundation of English today, this introduction offers a unique study of Old English in context. It is designed for students unfamiliar with the earliest stages of the English language and provides a basis for further study of the history of the language to the present day.
All the basic elements of Old English are covered, including nouns, adjectives, verbs, syntax, word order, vocabulary and sound values. Wherever possible comparisons are drawn between Old English and the present-day language, but also with other related languages such as Dutch, German and French. There are also chapters introducing Old English poetry and dialect variation, as well as a chapter looking at what happened to the language after the Norman Conquest.
Key Features
Up-to-date account of the linguistics of the Old English period with particular stress on syntax and vocabularyIntegrates accounts of the language with selected texts graded to improve accessibility for the beginnerStrong emphasis on the relation between Old English and present-day English together with relevant features in related languagesContains exercises, a glossary of key terms and an Old English glossary
Primaquine is a key drug for malaria elimination. In addition to being the only drug active against the dormant relapsing forms of Plasmodium vivax, primaquine is the sole effective treatment of ...infectious P. falciparum gametocytes, and may interrupt transmission and help contain the spread of artemisinin resistance. However, primaquine can trigger haemolysis in patients with a deficiency in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDd). Poor information is available about the distribution of individuals at risk of primaquine-induced haemolysis. We present a continuous evidence-based prevalence map of G6PDd and estimates of affected populations, together with a national index of relative haemolytic risk.
Representative community surveys of phenotypic G6PDd prevalence were identified for 1,734 spatially unique sites. These surveys formed the evidence-base for a Bayesian geostatistical model adapted to the gene's X-linked inheritance, which predicted a G6PDd allele frequency map across malaria endemic countries (MECs) and generated population-weighted estimates of affected populations. Highest median prevalence (peaking at 32.5%) was predicted across sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Although G6PDd prevalence was generally lower across central and southeast Asia, rarely exceeding 20%, the majority of G6PDd individuals (67.5% median estimate) were from Asian countries. We estimated a G6PDd allele frequency of 8.0% (interquartile range: 7.4-8.8) across MECs, and 5.3% (4.4-6.7) within malaria-eliminating countries. The reliability of the map is contingent on the underlying data informing the model; population heterogeneity can only be represented by the available surveys, and important weaknesses exist in the map across data-sparse regions. Uncertainty metrics are used to quantify some aspects of these limitations in the map. Finally, we assembled a database of G6PDd variant occurrences to inform a national-level index of relative G6PDd haemolytic risk. Asian countries, where variants were most severe, had the highest relative risks from G6PDd.
G6PDd is widespread and spatially heterogeneous across most MECs where primaquine would be valuable for malaria control and elimination. The maps and population estimates presented here reflect potential risk of primaquine-associated harm. In the absence of non-toxic alternatives to primaquine, these results represent additional evidence to help inform safe use of this valuable, yet dangerous, component of the malaria-elimination toolkit. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
From uncertainty–identity theory, it was hypothesized that where people feel their self-relevant values and practices are under threat, self-uncertainty strengthens identification with “radical” ...groups, and either has no effect on or weakens identification with “moderate” groups. Since this hypothesis was tested on Australian students, who prefer to identify with moderate groups, the context-specific expectation was for that preference to disappear under uncertainty. This prediction was confirmed by a laboratory experiment in which self-uncertainty and group radicalism were manipulated in a 2
×
2 design (
N
=
82); the preference to identify with a moderate over a radical group disappeared under uncertainty because uncertainty strengthened identification with the radical group. This effect was directly mirrored in people's intentions to engage in specific group behaviors, and behavioral intentions were mediated by identification. The research is framed by a discussion of the relationship between uncertainty and social extremism, and implications for future research are noted.
Abstract Background Huntington's disease (HD) is characterised by variable symptoms and neuropathology of the basal ganglia and cortex. Previously, we have shown that the pattern of pyramidal cell ...loss in 8 different cortical regions correlates with the phenotypic variability in HD. In the primary motor and anterior cingulate cortices, the pattern of interneuron degeneration correlates with pyramidal cell death and variable HD symptom profiles. Objectives This study aimed to examine the pattern of interneuron degeneration in 3 further regions of the HD cortex (primary sensory, superior frontal, superior parietal cortices) to determine whether HD neuropathogenesis was characterised by a general fundamental pattern of cortical interneuron loss, and explore the relationship between cortical interneuron loss with previously determined pyramidal cell loss and clinical heterogeneity. Methods Stereological counting was used to quantify 3 sub-populations of calcium-binding protein containing interneurons in 3 cortical human brain regions of 14 HD and 13 control cases as used in our previous studies (Nana et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2014). The HD cases were grouped according to their predominant symptom profile (“motor”, “mood”, “mixed”). Results The present results demonstrated a heterogeneous loss of interneurons across the 3 cortical regions which, when compared with our previous studies, mirrored the pattern of pyramidal cell loss in the same cortical areas. Most interestingly, the pattern of neuronal loss in these regions correlated with the variable HD symptom profiles. Conclusion The overall findings in our present and previous cortical studies establish a clear correlative pattern of variable cortical neuronal degeneration in HD pathogenesis, which mirrors the heterogeneity of HD symptom phenotypes.
ABSTRACT
Observational estimates of the lifetimes and inferred accretion rates from debris discs around polluted white dwarfs are often inconsistent with the predictions of models of shielded ...Poynting–Robertson drag on the dust particles in the discs. Moreover, many cool polluted white dwarfs do not show any observational evidence of accompanying discs. This may be explained, in part, if the debris discs had shorter lifetimes and higher accretion rates than predicted by Poynting–Robertson drag alone. We consider the role of a magnetic field on tidally disrupted diamagnetic debris and its subsequent effect on the formation, evolution, and accretion rate of a debris disc. We estimate that magnetic field strengths greater than ∼10 kG may decrease the time needed for circularization and the disc lifetimes by several orders of magnitude and increase the associated accretion rates by a similar factor, relative to Poynting–Robertson drag. We suggest some polluted white dwarfs may host magnetic fields below the typical detectable limit and that these fields may account for a proportion of polluted white dwarfs with missing debris discs. We also suggest that diamagnetic drag may account for the higher accretion rate estimates among polluted white dwarfs that cannot be predicted solely by Poynting–Robertson drag and find a dependence on magnetic field strength, orbital pericentre distance, and particle size on predicted disc lifetimes and accretion rates.
Analysis of satellite altimeter data reveals anomalously high Eddy Kinetic Energy (EKE) in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) during the period 2000–2002. Around 2–3 years earlier (1998), the ...circumpolar eastward wind stress (as quantified by the Southern Annular Mode; SAM) showed a significant positive peak, and we have shown previously that the ACC peaked around 1998 in response. An eddy‐resolving ocean model is used to investigate the delay between wind forcing and the eddy response, and demonstrates that the lag is due to the time taken to influence the deep circulation of the ACC. Winds over the Southern Ocean have shown a strong climatic increase over the past few decades. If this increase in winds is also reflected as an increase in eddy activity (as our analysis suggests it might), then the increased poleward heat flux may have played a significant role in the observed warming of the Southern Ocean.
Extensive motor skill training induces reorganization of movement representations and synaptogenesis within adult motor cortex. Motor skill does not, however, develop uniformly across training ...sessions. It is characterized by an initial fast phase, followed by a later slow phase of learning. How cortical plasticity emerges during these phases is unknown. Here, we examine motor map topography and synapse number within rat motor cortex during the early and late phases of motor learning. Adult rats were placed in either a skilled or unskilled reaching condition (SRC and URC, respectively) for 3, 7, or 10 d. Intracortical microstimulation of layer V was used to determine the topography of forelimb movement representations within caudal forelimb area of motor cortex contralateral to the trained paw. Quantitative electron microscopy was used to measure the number of synapses per neuron within layer V. SRC animals showed significant increases in reaching accuracy after 3, 7, and 10 d of training. In comparison with URC animals, SRC animals had significantly larger distal forelimb representations after 10 d of training only. Furthermore, SRC animals had significantly more synapses per neuron than URC animals after 7 and 10 d of training. These results show that both motor map reorganization and synapse formation occur during the late phase of skill learning. Furthermore, synaptogenesis precedes map reorganization. We propose that motor map reorganization and synapse formation do not contribute to the initial acquisition of motor skills but represent the consolidation of motor skill that occurs during late stages of training.
IntroductionThis umbrella review is the frst to systematically examine psychological trauma as a transdiagnostic risk factor across psychiatric conditions.ObjectivesThis review aimed to be the frst ...to evaluate whether psychological trauma fulflilled criteria as a transdiagnostic risk factor cutting across various diagnostic categories and spectra. Transdiagnosticity will be assessed against the framework of the TRANSD criteria (Fusar-Poli, World Psychiatry 2019; 18 361-362). The paper additionally aimed to analyse the association of psychopathology with specifc trauma type.MethodsWe searched Pubmed, Scopus, and PsycNET databases from inception until 01/05/2021 for systematic reviews/meta-analyses evaluating the association between psychological trauma and at least one diagnosed mental disorder. We re-calculated the odds ratio (OR), then classifed the association as convincing, highly suggestive, suggestive, or weak, based on the number of cases and controls with and without psychological trauma, random-efects p value, the 95% conf- dence interval of the largest study, heterogeneity between studies, 95% prediction interval, small-study efect, and excess significance bias. Additional outcomes were the association between specifc trauma types and specific mental disorders, and a sensitivity analysis for childhood trauma. Transdiagnosticity was assessed using TRANSD criteria. The review was pre-registered in Prospero CRD42020157308 and followed PRISMA/MOOSE guidelines.ResultsFourteen reviews met inclusion criteria, comprising 16,277 cases and 77,586 controls. Psychological trauma met TRANSD criteria as a transdiagnostic factor across diferent diagnostic criteria and spectra. There was highly suggestive evidence of an association between psychological trauma at any time-point and any mental disorder (OR=2.92) and between childhood trauma and any mental disorder(OR=2.90). Regarding specifc trauma types, convincing evidence linked physical abuse (OR=2.36) and highly suggestive evidence linked sexual abuse (OR=3.47) with a range of mental disorders, and convincing evidence linked emotional abuse to anxiety disorders (OR=3.05); there were no data for emotional abuse with other disorders.Image:Image 2:ConclusionsThese fndings highlight the importance of preventing early traumatic events and providing trauma-informed care in early intervention and psychiatric services.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
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