Cilj. Cilj je rada prikazati povijesni razvoj čitaoničkog pokreta u Istri na prijelazu iz 19. u 20. stoljeće s naglaskom na čitateljska društva središnje Istre na primjeru Hrvatske čitaonice u Sv. ...Petru u Šumi.
Pristup/metodologija. Istraživanje čitaoničkog pokreta provedeno je na temelju analize sadržaja arhivskog gradiva i publikacija. Korišteni su izvorni zapisnici i drugi dokumenti Hrvatske čitaonice u Sv. Petru u Šumi, koji se nalaze u Župnome uredu, gradivo Državnog arhiva u Pazinu i tekstovi objavljeni u novinama Naša sloga i Pučki prijatelj.
Rezultati. Prvi dio rada daje pregled povijesti čitaoničkog pokreta u Istri u drugoj polovici 19. i prvoj polovici 20. stoljeća. Drugi se dio rada odnosi na osnivanje čitateljskih društava središnje Istre, s posebnim osvrtom na Hrvatsku čitaonicu u Sv. Petru u Šumi. Iako za većinu čitaonica preporodnoga razdoblja ne postoji sačuvana izvorna primarna građa, djelovanje Hrvatske čitaonice u Sv. Petru u Šumi moguće je rekonstruirati na temelju sačuvanih izvora. Ovaj rad donosi prikaz osnivanja Čitaonice, opisuje uvjete i vrste članstva te donosi popise nabavljenih publikacija. Daje se povijesni i politički kontekst djelovanja Čitaonice.
Originalnost/vrijednost. Radom se doprinosi utvrđivanju temeljnih obilježja razvoja čitaoničkog pokreta središnje Istre u drugoj polovici 19. i prvoj polovici 20. stoljeća. Donose se nove spoznaje o radu Hrvatske čitaonice u Sv. Petru u Šumi te ispravljaju neke činjenične pogreške koje su se ponavljale u sekundarnim izvorima.
Ključne riječi: čitaonica, čitaonički pokret, čitateljska društva, središnja Istra, Sv. Petar u Šumi
Cilj. Cilj je rada prikazati povijesni razvoj čitaoničkog pokreta u Istri na prijelazu iz 19. u 20. stoljeće s naglaskom na čitateljska društva središnje Istre na primjeru Hrvatske čitaonice u Sv. ...Petru u Šumi. Pristup/metodologija. Istraživanje čitaoničkog pokreta provedeno je na temelju analize sadržaja arhivskog gradiva i publikacija. Korišteni su izvorni zapisnici i drugi dokumenti Hrvatske čitaonice u Sv. Petru u Šumi, koji se nalaze u Župnome uredu, gradivo Državnog arhiva u Pazinu i tekstovi objavljeni u novinama Naša sloga i Pučki prijatelj. Rezultati. Prvi dio rada daje pregled povijesti čitaoničkog pokreta u Istri u drugoj polovici 19. i prvoj polovici 20. stoljeća. Drugi se dio rada odnosi na osnivanje čitateljskih društava središnje Istre, s posebnim osvrtom na Hrvatsku čitaonicu u Sv. Petru u Šumi. Iako za većinu čitaonica preporodnoga razdoblja ne postoji sačuvana izvorna primarna građa, djelovanje Hrvatske čitaonice u Sv. Petru u Šumi moguće je rekonstruirati na temelju sačuvanih izvora. Ovaj rad donosi prikaz osnivanja Čitaonice, opisuje uvjete i vrste članstva te donosi popise nabavljenih publikacija. Daje se povijesni i politički kontekst djelovanja Čitaonice. Originalnost/vrijednost. Radom se doprinosi utvrđivanju temeljnih obilježja razvoja čitaoničkog pokreta središnje Istre u drugoj polovici 19. i prvoj polovici 20. stoljeća. Donose se nove spoznaje o radu Hrvatske čitaonice u Sv. Petru u Šumi te ispravljaju neke činjenične pogreške koje su se ponavljale u sekundarnim izvorima. Ključne riječi: čitaonica, čitaonički pokret, čitateljska društva, središnja Istra, Sv. Petar u Šumi
When the brain is in a pathological state, the content of lipid droplets (LDs), the lipid storage organelles, is increased, particularly in glial cells, but rarely in neurons. The biology and ...mechanisms leading to LD accumulation in astrocytes, glial cells with key homeostatic functions, are poorly understood. We imaged fluorescently labeled LDs by microscopy in isolated and brain tissue rat astrocytes and in glia‐like cells in Drosophila brain to determine the (sub)cellular localization, mobility, and content of LDs under various stress conditions characteristic for brain pathologies. LDs exhibited confined mobility proximal to mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum that was attenuated by metabolic stress and by increased intracellular Ca2+, likely to enhance the LD–organelle interaction imaged by electron microscopy. When de novo biogenesis of LDs was attenuated by inhibition of DGAT1 and DGAT2 enzymes, the astrocyte cell number was reduced by ~40%, suggesting that in astrocytes LD turnover is important for cell survival and/or proliferative cycle. Exposure to noradrenaline, a brain stress response system neuromodulator, and metabolic and hypoxic stress strongly facilitated LD accumulation in astrocytes. The observed response of stressed astrocytes may be viewed as a support for energy provision, but also to be neuroprotective against the stress‐induced lipotoxicity.
Main points
Astroglial lipid droplets are dynamic organelles with confined mobility.
Lipid droplet turnover is important for astrocyte survival/proliferation.
Stressed astrocytes accumulate lipid droplets likely to provide energy and reduce lipotoxicity.
Abstract
Most cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) have cytoplasmic inclusions of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) in neurons and non-neuronal cells, ...including astrocytes, which metabolically support neurons with nutrients. Neuronal metabolism largely depends on the activation of the noradrenergic system releasing noradrenaline. Activation of astroglial adrenergic receptors with noradrenaline triggers cAMP and Ca
2+
signaling and augments aerobic glycolysis with production of lactate, an important neuronal energy fuel. Astrocytes with cytoplasmic TDP-43 inclusions can cause motor neuron death, however, whether astroglial metabolism and metabolic support of neurons is altered in astrocytes with TDP-43 inclusions, is unclear. We measured lipid droplet and glucose metabolisms in astrocytes expressing the inclusion-forming C-terminal fragment of TDP-43 or the wild-type TDP-43 using fluorescent dyes or genetically encoded nanosensors. Astrocytes with TDP-43 inclusions exhibited a 3-fold increase in the accumulation of lipid droplets versus astrocytes expressing wild-type TDP-43, indicating altered lipid droplet metabolism. In these cells the noradrenaline-triggered increases in intracellular cAMP and Ca
2+
levels were reduced by 35% and 31%, respectively, likely due to the downregulation of β
2
-adrenergic receptors. Although noradrenaline triggered a similar increase in intracellular lactate levels in astrocytes with and without TDP-43 inclusions, the probability of activating aerobic glycolysis was facilitated by 1.6-fold in astrocytes with TDP-43 inclusions and lactate MCT1 transporters were downregulated. Thus, while in astrocytes with TDP-43 inclusions noradrenergic signaling is reduced, aerobic glycolysis and lipid droplet accumulation are facilitated, suggesting dysregulated astroglial metabolism and metabolic support of neurons in TDP-43-associated ALS and FTD.
There are extensive data on the toxicity of glyphosate (GLY) based herbicides (GBH), however the interpretation of some data (e.g. carcinogenic effect) are subject to controversy. For the appropriate ...health risk assessment more data on exposure levels in the general population, especially in susceptible groups such as pregnant women, the elderly and children are needed.
The aims of the present study were to estimate the exposure to GLY and its major metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in children and adolescents living in agricultural areas, to identify possible determinants of the exposure, and to assess co-exposure with elements. In total, 149 children (aged 7–10 years, 55% girls) and 97 adolescents (aged 12–15 years; 44% girls) were recruited in 2018 from rural areas of Northeastern Slovenia. The effect of seasonal GLY application on the exposure was estimated using GLY and AMPA levels determined by GC–MS/MS in first morning urine in winter (n = 246) and in late-spring/early-summer seasons (n = 225). Levels of elements were determined by ICP-MS in urine in both samplings and in blood or plasma in the first sampling. Questionnaire data on basic characteristics, dietary habits, living environments and use of pesticides were obtained for all participants.
GLY and AMPA were detected in 27% and 50% of urine samples from the first sampling period, respectively; and in 22% and 56% from the second sampling period, respectively. Geometric means and medians of both AMPA and GLY were below or at the limit of quantification (≤LOQ; 0.1 µg/L). Children rather than adolescents tended to have higher exposure, as did, boys rather than girls among adolescents. The exposure did not significantly differ between both sampling periods. Except for one individual, exposure was not higher among participants who reported use of GLY or herbicides in the vicinity of child’s home or live in close vicinity of agriculture, orchards, vineyards, gardens, sport courts or cemeteries. The extensive food consumption frequency data revealed higher exposure to GLY and AMPA only among individuals with higher consumption of nuts and wholegrain rice. Levels of AMPA and GLY were significantly positively correlated, with considerably stronger correlation in urine of the second than the first sampling (Spearman’s rank coefficient: 0.49 vs 0.22, respectively). Urine levels of As, Pb, Co, Zn and Cu were significantly higher in participants with GLY and/or AMPA levels ≥LOQ than with levels <LOQ.
In conclusion, this first estimation of GLY and AMPA exposure in a Slovenian study population showed much lower levels when compared to levels reported in similar studies worldwide. Some results might be explained by more intensive use of GBH in spring, but in general we were unable to distinguish between exposure from the diet or use of GBH in residential environments.
Current data regarding the effects of microplastic (MP) on terrestrial organisms are very scarce. Isopods play an important role in plant litter decomposition processes and are commonly used test ...species in terrestrial ecotoxicity studies. Their altered feeding behaviour and energy reserves are established biomarkers of adverse effects upon stressor exposure. For this study we assessed the effects of MP derived from plastic bag film (mean size 183±93μm) and particles from a facial cleanser (mean size 137±51μm) on the terrestrial isopod, Porcellio scaber. Isopods were exposed to MP via feeding on food pellets (4mgg−1 dry weight; 0.4% w w−1) for 14days under laboratory conditions. A control group was exposed to food pellets with no MP added. In line with previously suggested modes of MP action on animal ingestion, we assessed the food ingestion rate, defecation rate, food assimilation rate and efficiency, body mass change, mortality and energy reserves (proteins, carbohydrates, and triglycerides) in the digestive glands (hepatopancreas) of individual isopods. Contrary to our expectations, no effects on either end-point were observed under the given exposure conditions. Further work should be carried out to investigate the potential longer-term effects of such exposure. We conclude that 14days exposure to plastic bag and facial cleanser MP is not severely hazardous to isopods.
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•Plastic bag and facial cleanser microplastic had no affect on the feeding rate of isopods.•No alterations in isopod body mass were found.•Microplastic had no effect on energy reserves in digestive glands of isopods.•14days exposure to tested microplastic is not severely hazardous to isopods.
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•Children and adolescents from Slovenia are exposed to a variety of endocrine disruptors.•Exposure to bisphenol A and triclosan is lower than the human biomonitoring (HBM) reference ...values.•Urinary bisphenol A levels are associated with consumption of high fat foods.•Urinary levels of methyl paraben are associated with use of cosmetic products.•UGT2B15 associated with susceptibility to adverse effects of methyl and ethyl paraben.
Chemicals such as bisphenols, parabens and triclosan are endocrine disrupting chemicals. They are used in a wide variety of consumer products, making human exposure to those chemicals widespread.
In the present study, levels of three bisphenols (bisphenol A, F and S), 7 parabens (methyl-, ethyl-, isopropyl-, propyl-, isobutyl-, butyl-, benzyl paraben) and triclosan were measured in first morning void from 246 Slovenian children and adolescents, aged 6–9 and 11–15 years and living in a rural region of Slovenia. Median levels of specific-gravity corrected levels for bisphenol A, bisphenol F, methyl paraben and ethyl paraben were 1.9, 0.085, 5.4 and 2.5 µg/L for children and 1.6, 0.11, 7.2 and 6.0 µg/L for adolescents, respectively. Median levels for all other endocrine disrupting chemicals were < LOQ. The levels are comparable with the levels reported in studies across the world. Exposure was age, sex, and location specific. Higher levels of bisphenol F and ethyl paraben were found in the samples of adolescents, while higher levels of methyl paraben were found in samples from girls. Furthermore, individuals living in one of the sampling locations, Goričko, were exposed to higher levels of bisphenol F and ethyl paraben than those in the remaining two sampling locations. Information about participants’ dietary habits, use of food packaging and personal care products was obtained through questionnaires, and used to investigate associations between urinary levels of the biomarkers and potential exposure sources. High fat foods were associated with bisphenol A exposure, and cosmetics items such as lipstick and perfume with methyl paraben exposure. Significant correlation between methyl- and propyl paraben was observed in children’s samples, suggesting similar exposure sources, while other compounds were not largely correlated, indicating independent sources. Furthermore, association between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in UGT2B15 gene and urinary levels of methyl and ethyl paraben was observed, showing the role of UGT2B15 isoform in methyl and ethyl paraben metabolism as well as indicating the SNP rs1902023 as a potential biomarker of susceptibility to adverse effects caused by the exposure.
The present study reports exposure of children and adolescents in Slovenia to a wide range of different endocrine disrupting chemicals for the first time, connecting it to exposure patterns and exposure sources. The study is to the authors’ knowledge the first that investigates direct connection between levels of urinary endocrine disrupting chemical biomarkers and genetic polymorphism in UGT2B15.
Phthalates and 1,2-Cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH), bisphenols (BPs), parabens (PBs), and triclosan (TCS) are high-production-volume chemicals of pseudo-persistence that are ...concerning for the environment and human health. This study aims to assess the exposure to 10 phthalates, DINCH, and environmental phenols (3 BPs, 7 PBs, and TCS) of Slovenian men (n = 548) and lactating primiparous women (n = 536). We observed urinary concentrations comparable to studies from other countries and significant differences among the sub-populations. In our study, men had significantly higher levels of phthalates, DINCH, and BPs, whereas the concentrations of PBs in urine were significantly higher in women. The most significant determinant of exposure was the area of residence and the year of sampling (2008–2014) that mirrors trends in the market. Participants from urban or industrialized sampling locations had higher levels of almost all monitored analytes compared to rural locations. In an attempt to assess the risk of the population, hazard quotient (HQ) values were calculated for individual compounds and the chemical mixture. Individual analytes do not seem to pose a risk to the studied population at current exposure levels, whereas the HQ value of the chemical mixture is near the threshold of 1 which would indicate a higher risk. We conclude that greater emphasis on the risk resulting from cumulative exposure to chemical mixtures and additional studies are needed to estimate the exposure of susceptible populations, such as children.
•Endocrine disrupting chemicals were detected at high frequencies.•Concentrations were low compared to the literature.•The combined hazard quotient is near 1.•Concentrations of phthalates and phenols are decreasing between 2008 and 2014.•Concentrations of DINCH are increasing between 2008 and 2014.
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of cytochrome P450 (CYPs) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGTs) genes have been proposed to influence phthalates and ...1,2-cyclo-hexanedicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) biotransformation but have not been investigated on a populational level.
We investigated the role of SNPs in CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, UGT2B15, and UGT1A7 genes in the biotransformation of phthalates (DEHP, DEP, DiBP, DnBP, BBzP, DiNP, DidP) and DINCH by determining their urine metabolites.
From the Slovenian study population of 274 men and 289 lactating primiparous women we obtained data on phthalate and DINCH urine metabolite levels (MEHP, 5OH-MEHP, 5oxo-MEHP, 5cx-MEPP, MEP, MiBP, MnBP, MBzP, cx-MINP, OH-MiDP, MCHP, MnPeP, MnOP, 5OH-MINCH, 5oxo-MINCH), SNP genotypes (rs1057910 = CYP2C9*3, rs1799853 = CYP2C9*2, rs4244285 = CYP2C19*2, rs12248560 = CYP2C19*17, rs3892097 = CYP2D6*4, rs1902023 = UGT2B15*2, and rs11692021 = UGT1A7*3) and questionnaires. Associations of SNPs with levels of metabolites and their ratios were assessed by multiple linear regression and ordinary logistic regression analyses.
Significant associations were observed for CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, CYP2C19*17, and UGT1A7*3 SNPs. The most pronounced was the influence of CYP2C9*2 and *3 on the reduced DEHP biotransformation, with lower levels of metabolites and their ratios in men and women. In contrast, carriers of CYP2C19*17 showed higher urine levels of DEHP metabolites in both genders, and in women also in higher DiNP, DiDP, and DINCH metabolite levels. The presence of UGT1A7*3 was associated with increased metabolite levels of DINCH in men and of DiBP and DBzP in women. Statistical models explained up to 27% of variability in metabolite levels or their ratios.
Our observations confirm the effect of CYP2C9*2 and *3 SNPs towards reduced DEHP biotransformation. We show that CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, CYP2C19*17, and UGT1A7*3 SNPs might represent biomarkers of susceptibility or resilience in phthalates and DINCH exposure that have been so far unrecognised.
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•Ca2+ signals are key triggers of augmented aerobic glycolysis in astrocytes.•cAMP aids to Ca2+-driven increase in aerobic glycolysis in astrocytes.•Aerobic glycolysis in astrocytes ...depends on extracellular d-glucose.•Aerobic glycolysis in astrocytes depends on glycogen shunt activity.
Astroglial aerobic glycolysis, a process during which d-glucose is converted to l-lactate, a brain fuel and signal, is regulated by the plasmalemmal receptors, including adrenergic receptors (ARs) and purinergic receptors (PRs), modulating intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP signals. However, the extent to which the two signals regulate astroglial aerobic glycolysis is poorly understood. By using agonists to stimulate intracellular α1-/β-AR-mediated Ca2+/cAMP signals, β-AR-mediated cAMP and P2R-mediated Ca2+ signals and genetically encoded fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based glucose and lactate nanosensors in combination with real-time microscopy, we show that intracellular Ca2+, but not cAMP, initiates a robust increase in the concentration of intracellular free d-glucose (glci) and l-lactate (laci), both depending on extracellular d-glucose, suggesting Ca2+-triggered glucose uptake and aerobic glycolysis in astrocytes. When the glycogen shunt, a process of glycogen remodelling, was inhibited, the α1-/β-AR-mediated increases in glci and laci were reduced by ∼65 % and ∼30 %, respectively, indicating that at least ∼30 % of the utilization of d-glucose is linked to glycogen remodelling and aerobic glycolysis. Additional activation of β-AR/cAMP signals aided to α1-/β-AR-triggered laci increase, whereas the glci increase was unaltered. Taken together, an increase in intracellular Ca2+ is the prime mechanism of augmented aerobic glycolysis in astrocytes, while cAMP has only a moderate role. The results provide novel information on the signals regulating brain metabolism and open new avenues to explore whether astroglial Ca2+ signals are dysregulated and contribute to neuropathologies with impaired brain metabolism.
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