Purpose In Malaysia, the trend of HIV transmission has shifted from intravenous drug use to sexual intercourse, and men who have sex with men (MSM) have become the main driver due to high-risk sexual ...behaviour. Thus, treatment and care, which also involves counselling, for men who have sex with men and who are living with HIV (MSM living with HIV) are crucial. This study aims to explore the experiences of MSM living with HIV and participating in counselling session during treatment and care at two public hospitals. Method This qualitative study with a grounded-theory approach was conducted at two public hospitals in Malaysia. Five participants who were MSM living with HIV were selected through purposive sampling. They participated in semi-structured interviews, non-participant observations, and diary entries, each of which was conducted three times. The data were analysed using grounded theory with N-Vivo 8 to determine themes. Result The participants were found to experience feelings of emptiness and hopelessness because of their unreadiness to accept their HIV status. These feelings made their participation in counselling sessions challenging. Consequently, the participants found counselling sessions unhelpful due to their unwillingness to participate in the counselling relationship. Conclusion The findings of the study highlight the need for counselling sessions to focus more on feelings related to unreadiness to improve the self-esteem and ability to create positive relationships with others of MSM living with HIV. It is also important to strengthen the training and skills among HIV counsellors to enhance counselling services for these men.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The corpus callosum (CC) is the biggest commissure that links cerebral hemispheres. Guidepost structures develop in the cortical midline during CC development and express axon guidance molecules that ...instruct neurons regarding the proper direction of axonal elongation toward and across the cortical midline. Neuropilin-1 (Npn1), a high affinity receptor for class 3 semaphorins (Sema3s) localized on cingulate pioneering axons, plays a crucial role in axon guidance to the midline through interactions with Sema3s. However, it remains unclear which type of Plexin is a component of Sema3 holoreceptors with Npn1 during the guidance of cingulate pioneering axons. To address the role of PlexinA1 in CC development, we examined with immunohistochemistry the localization of PlexinA1, Npn1, and Sema3s using embryonic brains from wild-type (WT) and PlexinA1-deficient (PlexinA1 knock-out (KO)) mice with a BALB/cAJ background. The immunohistochemistry confirmed the expression of PlexinA1 in callosal axons derived from the cingulate and neocortex of the WT mice on embryonic day 17.5 (E17.5) but not in the PlexinA1 KO mice. To examine the role of PlexinA1 in the navigation of callosal axons, the extension of callosal axons toward and across the midline was traced in brains of WT and PlexinA1 KO mice at E17.5. As a result, callosal axons in the PlexinA1 KO brains had a significantly lower incidence of midline crossing at E17.5 compared with the WT brains. To further examine the role of PlexinA1 in CC development, the CC phenotype was examined in PlexinA1 KO mice at postnatal day 0.5 (P0.5). Most of the PlexinA1 KO mice at P0.5 showed agenesis of the CC. These results indicate the crucial involvement of PlexinA1 in the midline crossing of callosal axons during CC development in BALB/cAJ mice.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Purpose In Malaysia, the trend of HIV transmission has shifted from intravenous drug use to sexual intercourse, and men who have sex with men (MSM) have become the main driver due to high-risk sexual ...behaviour. Thus, treatment and care, which also involves counselling, for men who have sex with men and who are living with HIV (MSM living with HIV) are crucial. This study aims to explore the experiences of MSM living with HIV and participating in counselling session during treatment and care at two public hospitals. Method This qualitative study with a grounded-theory approach was conducted at two public hospitals in Malaysia. Five participants who were MSM living with HIV were selected through purposive sampling. They participated in semi-structured interviews, non-participant observations, and diary entries, each of which was conducted three times. The data were analysed using grounded theory with N-Vivo 8 to determine themes. Result The participants were found to experience feelings of emptiness and hopelessness because of their unreadiness to accept their HIV status. These feelings made their participation in counselling sessions challenging. Consequently, the participants found counselling sessions unhelpful due to their unwillingness to participate in the counselling relationship. Conclusion The findings of the study highlight the need for counselling sessions to focus more on feelings related to unreadiness to improve the self-esteem and ability to create positive relationships with others of MSM living with HIV. It is also important to strengthen the training and skills among HIV counsellors to enhance counselling services for these men.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The quality and efficacy of vermicompost are greatly influenced by the respective feeding materials as well as earthworm species used in vermicomposting. Consequently, the variable role of applied ...vermicompost is reflected in crop production. With a view to observe the efficacy of vermicompost produced from various sources in supplementing zinc and boron requirement for quality production of cabbage, a field study was conducted in Floodplain soil of Bangladesh. Six treatment combinations comprising of vermicompost from different sources, and different levels of zinc and boron from mineral fertilizers were tested in the study. The vermicompost used in different treatments were produced from different combinations of feeding materials (cowdung and poultry litter) and earthworm species (Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae). A control treatment having no supplement of Zn and B was tested in the study. Higher measurements were recorded for most of the parameters studied, i.e., head diameter, marketable yield and total yield in the vermicompost treated plots than the solely mineral fertilizer treated plot. Except for P, the highest uptake of each of the elements by cabbage was observed due to the application of T3 treatment (VC-ECD @2.0 t ha-1 + 1.5 kg Zn ha-1 + 1.0 kg B ha-1). The findings of this research work indicate the additional benefit of using vermicompost over the mineral fertilizer in supplying zinc and boron for better production of cabbage.
A study was conducted to evaluate different doses of Zn and B along with their application schedule for the component crops in potato-rice-rice pattern in floodplain soil. The experimental layout was ...Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replications. As treatment, zinc and boron were applied to the component crops of the pattern in different distributions so that their direct, residual and cumulative effects could be estimated. Other nutrients i.e., N, P, K and S were used equally at recommended rates for all plots. In such a 3-crop pattern, application of 4.0 kg Zn ha
−1
and 1.5 kg B ha
−1
at a time to the first crop or 2.0 kg Zn ha
−1
to each of the first two crops along with 1.5 kg B ha
−1
to the first crop was found sufficient to achieve satisfactory yield, system productivity, nutrient uptake by crops, and protein and Zn concentrations of crop produce. Zinc and boron containing fertilizers need not to apply in each of the component crops of a cropping pattern potato-rice-rice in floodplain soil. Each fourth crop is essential to be fertilized with 4.0 kg Zn ha
−1
and 1.5 kg B ha
−1
.
The number of child deaths is a potential indicator to assess the health condition of a country, and represents a major health challenge in Bangladesh. Although the country has performed ...exceptionally well in decreasing the mortality rate among children under five over the last few decades, mortality still remains relatively high. The main objective of this study is to identify the prevalence and determinants of the risk factors of child mortality in Bangladesh.
The data were based on a cross-sectional study collected from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), 2011. The women participants numbered 16,025 from seven divisions of Bangladesh - Rajshahi, Dhaka, Chittagong, Barisal, Khulna, Rangpur and Sylhet. The 𝟀2 test and logistic regression model were applied to determine the prevalence and factors associated with child deaths in Bangladesh.
In 2011, the prevalence of child deaths in Bangladesh for boys and girls was 13.0% and 11.6%, respectively. The results showed that birth interval and birth order were the most important factors associated with child death risks; mothers' education and socioeconomic status were also significant (males and females). The results also indicated that a higher birth order (7 & more) of child (OR=21.421 & 95%CI=16.879-27.186) with a short birth interval ≤ 2 years was more risky for child mortality, and lower birth order with longer birth interval >2 were significantly associated with child deaths. Other risk factors that affected child deaths in Bangladesh included young mothers of less than 25 years (mothers' median age (26-36 years): OR=0.670, 95%CI=0.551-0.815), women without education compared to those with secondary and higher education (OR =0 .711 & .628, 95%CI=0.606-0.833 & 0.437-0.903), mothers who perceived their child body size to be larger than average and small size (OR= 1.525 & 1.068, 95%CI=1.221-1.905 & 0.913-1.249), and mothers who delivered their child by non-caesarean (OR= 1.687, 95%CI=1.253-2.272).
Community-based educational programs or awareness programs are required to reduce the child death in Bangladesh, especially for younger women should be increase the birth interval and decrease the birth order. The government should apply the strategies to enhance the socioeconomic conditions, especially in rural areas, increase the awareness program through media and expand schooling, particularly for girls.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
A study was conducted to find out suitable earthworm species as well as respective feeding materials in the way of producing quality vermicompost. Two earthworm species, i.e.,
Eisenia fetida
and
...Eudrilus eugeniae
were used to produce vermicompost from four selected combinations of feeding materials. The study was carried out in the vermicompost shed of the Department of Soil Science in Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh, using completely randomized design. Earthworm species
E. fetida
has performed better than
E. eugeniae
in terms of the amount of vermicompost produced. On the other hand, using sole cow dung as feeding material produced the highest amount of vermicompost and induced for the highest increase in earthworm number comparing with the other feeding materials used. Cow dung as feeding materials and the interaction of
E. fetida
and cow dung was suitable for the highest earthworm biomass. There was an indication of vermiremoval of cadmium and lead from the feeding materials while vermicomposting. The earthworm species
E. fetida
was found to be more efficient in removing cadmium and lead from contaminated feeding materials. Cow dung containing feeding mixtures has resulted higher content of K, S, and B in vermicompost than the others. Considering all above aspects, it can be said that vermicompost produced from cow dung using
E. fetida
is a suitable option for higher production of quality vermicompost.
Background and Aim: Low concentrations of heavy metals are toxic and pose a serious threat to human health and the environment. Therefore, regular assessments of the toxic metal content in poultry ...feed are crucial for evaluating feed quality and customer safety. It is difficult to determine the heavy metals in the poultry feed at the trace amount. Therefore, this study aimed to validate this method through the detection of three heavy metals, chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb), in poultry feed samples.
Materials and Methods: Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) method was used to analyze the heavy metals in poultry feed according to the guidelines given by the Council Directive 333/2007/EC, Commission Decision 657/2002/EC. In this study, various parameters such as linearity check, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery percentage, precision checks, repeatability, reproducibility, and uncertainty measurement were considered to validate and assess the method following international guidelines. Heavy metals, such as Pb, Cr, and Cd, were analyzed from the feed samples in the laboratory using the GF-AAS method (Model: AA-7000 Shimadzu, Japan) with high purity argon as the inert gas, and the absorbance was read at wavelengths of 283.0, 357.9, and 228.8 nm, respectively.
Results: The coefficient of variation (CV%) for system suitability and precision data was <10% for all the metals (Pb, Cr, and Cd) detected in this study. The overall CV% of repeatability and reproducibility ranged from 8.70% to 8.76% and 8.65% to 9.96%, respectively. The linearity of the calibration curves was excellent (r2 > 0.999) at various concentration levels for the three different metals. The recovery (%) was found to be 94.53, 93.97, and 101.63% for Pb, Cr, and Cd, respectively. The LOD values in feed were 0.065, 0.01, and 0.11 mg/kg, and the LOQ values were 0.22, 0.03, and 0.38 mg/kg for Cr, Cd, and Pb, respectively. The values recorded for the measurement uncertainty (%) were 11.48, 4.43, and 12.42% for Cr, Cd, and Pb, respectively.
Conclusion: The results show that these study criteria or parameters have met the validated or acceptable range. Therefore, it is a reliable technique that can be used undoubtedly for the routine analysis of heavy metals in poultry feed samples across the globe.
Different micronutrients have variable residual effects in the soil. Again, crops have variability in their response to applied micronutrient. An experiment was conducted in floodplain soil of ...Bangladesh using cauliflower, maize, and rice in a pattern to explore differential effects of micronutrients on crops. Seven treatments following additive element trial technique including a control were used in the study. Micronutrients were applied @ 3 kg Zn, 2 kg B, 2 kg Cu, 3 kg Mn, 5 kg Fe and 1 kg Mo per hectare. Cauliflower as the first crop of the pattern responded to direct application of both zinc and boron whereas significant residual effects of these elements were observed in the second crop (maize). In rice as the third crop, no significant residual effects were estimated. In floodplain soil, zinc and boron fertilizers are needed to apply in each third crop of a pattern where the second crop is nutrient exhaustive like maize.
Application of vermicompost is considered to be a good option to safe supply of micronutrients for crop production. Again, the quality of vermicompost varied with the earthworm species and their ...feeding materials used. A study was conducted to find out the variable roles of vermicomposts produced from various sources to meet the Zn and B requirement of cauliflower grown on a nutrient-deficient light-textured soil. Six treatment combinations including one control treatment and one treatment having 100% chemical sources of Zn–B (3 kg Zn ha
−1
+ 2 kg B ha
−1
) were tested. The other treatments comprises with four different types of vermicomposts @2.0 t ha
−1
from various sources along with Zn @1.5 kg ha
−1
and B@1.0 kg ha
−1
for each of the treatments. The vermicomposts used in different treatments were produced from
Eisenia fetida
-cow dung,
Eudrilus eugeniae
-cow dung,
E. fetida
-cow dung + poultry litter and
E. eugeniae
-cow dung + poultry litter combination. The treatment containing 3 kg Zn ha
−1
and 2 kg B ha
−1
from chemical fertilizers performed better than the control treatment. There was huge incidence (59.17%) of hollow heart disease in control treatment, but very little evidence (0.83–4.17%) of such incidence was recorded in other treatments. Again, the vermicompost containing treatments played superior role in supplying Zn–B to cauliflower than the sole chemical Zn–B-containing treatment. The vermicompost produced from
Eisenia fetida
-cow dung combination performed better than the other vermicomposts and the highest marketable curd yield (46.37 t ha
−1
), and total yield (67.09 t ha
−1
) was obtained using this treatment. In case of only curd production, the role of different vermicomposts was found similar.
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