Current density is an important process parameter that must be controlled in electroplating processing. Quantitative control of current density is of great significance to improve product quality and ...production efficiency. In this paper, the rack plating current density control method was introduced, and the prevailing as well as the scientific barrel plating current density control methods were evaluated. Also, it was pointed out that the prevailing barrel plating current density control method was not scientific while the scientific barrel plating current density control method was difficult to conduct, both methods were defective and should be corrected or adjusted according to the circumstances. Besides, a simple barrel plating current density control method - calculated by barrel, was also adopted in production to help to complete the plating task.
Primary liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a significant disease worldwide. It is among the top three causes of cancer death in the Asia Pacific region because of the ...high prevalence of its main etiological agents, chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. In this region, the incidence of HCC has been static over recent decades. Older age is a major risk factor; the incidence increasing sharply after age 40 years. There is a male predilection, with male to female ratio of 3:1, except in elderly Japanese with equal sex incidence or female predominance. In most Asia‐Pacific countries, chronic HBV infection accounts for 75–80% of cases; Japan, Singapore and Australia/New Zealand are exceptions because of higher prevalence of HCV infection. In spite of advances in surgery, liver transplantation and newer pharmaco/biological therapies, the survival rate has improved only slightly over recent decades, and this could be attributable to earlier diagnosis (‘lead‐time bias’). The majority of patients present with advanced diseases, hence reducing the chance of curative treatment. The importance of HCC may decrease in two to three decades when the prevalence of chronic HBV infection decreases as a result of the universal HBV vaccination programs implemented in late 1980s in most Asia‐Pacific countries, and because of reduced incidence of medical transmission of HCV. However, transmission of HCV by injection drug use, and rising prevalence of obesity and diabetes, both independent risk factors for HCC, may partly offset this decline.
GRB 160821B is a short gamma-ray burst (SGRB) at redshift z = 0.16, with a duration less than 1 s and without any "extended emission" detected up to more than 100 s in both Swift/BAT and Fermi/GBM ...bands. An X-ray plateau with a sharp drop 180 s after the BAT trigger was observed with Swift/XRT. No supernova or kilo-nova signature was detected. Assuming the central engine of this SGRB is a recently born supra-massive magnetar, we can explain the SGRB as jet radiation and its X-ray plateau as the internal energy dissipation of the pulsar wind as it spins down. We constrain its surface magnetic field to Bp < 3.12 × 1016 G and initial spin period to P0 < 8.5 × 10−3 s. Its equation of state is consistent with the GM1 model with MTOV ∼ 2.37 M and ellipticity ϵ < 0.07. Its gravitational wave (GW) radiation may be detectable with the future Einstein Telescope, but is much weaker than the current detectability limit of Advanced LIGO. The GW radiation of such an event would be detectable by Advanced LIGO if it occurred at a distance of 100 Mpc (z = 0.023).
The universe can be utilized as a sink for heat pumping by means of passive radiative cooling (PRC). This approach is an age-old cooling practice that has had a renaissance with increasing numbers of ...research papers over the past two decades. This paper reviews the trends of this technique, as well as advancements in recent years, with an attempt being made to analyze the cooling magnitude and developmental prospects for both diurnal and nocturnal periods. The models and calculations for computing the performances of passive radiative cooling systems are discussed along with the designs and fabrication factors that influence a system's performance. Optimizing strategies that maximize the net cooling power are also presented. The various system configurations that are available to date are summarized to demonstrate the building integration forms of PRC systems. The cooling potentials of different systems are assessed by simulations, and it is shown that the daytime cooling energy density is rather modest, even under the most favorable conditions. The barriers that likely exist to widespread application as well as the scopes for further improvements of PRC are also provided. It is noted that the commercialization of PRC systems is primarily limited by coating material constraints and technique reliability. The advent of a new type of material will be a critical solution to the prevalence of PRC.
Nowadays, autonomous vehicle is an active research area, especially after the emergence of machine vision tasks with deep learning. In such a visual navigation system for autonomous vehicle, the ...controller captures images and predicts information so that the autonomous vehicle can safely navigate. In this paper, we first introduced small and medium-sized obstacles that were intentionally or unintentionally left on the road, which can pose hazards for both autonomous and human driving situations. Then, we discuss Markov random field (MRF) model by fusing three potentials (gradient potential, curvature prior potential, and depth variance potential) to segment the obstacles and non-obstacles into the hazardous environment. Since the segment of obstacles is done by MRF model, we can predict the information to safely navigate the autonomous vehicle form hazardous environment on the roadway by DNN model. We found that our proposed method can segment the obstacles accuracy from the blended background road and improve the navigation skills of the autonomous vehicle.
The in situ self‐catalyzed growth of manganese‐embedded 3D flakes‐coated carbon rods (GFC) as an efficient oxygen‐reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst of Zinc‐air batteries is described for the first ...time. By optimizing the amount of Mn in the precursor, a series of 3D graphene‐like flakes‐coated carbon rods were synthesized. GFC with a doping amount of Mn of 10 % (GFC‐10) exhibits excellent ORR performance with an onset potential of 0.94 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode). The Zinc‐air battery is constructed with GFC‐10 as the cathode catalyst, and it exhibits a peak power density of 128.9 mW cm−2 and a cycling stability of 75 h at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, which are superior to the commercial 20 wt% Pt/C‐based Zinc‐air battery. Interestingly, the introduction of Mn facilitates the self‐catalyzed growth of carbon rods, and the change of Mn amount can effectively regulate the morphology of materials. The improved ORR performance of the catalyst is ascribed to the synergistic effect of unique hierarchical porous structure, high‐charge transport capacity, abundant carbon defects/edges and Mn‐Nx sites. This research provides a new avenue to fabricating highly active Mn‐based electrocatalysts for renewable energy systems.
Coated flakes: Mn‐coordinated N‐aligned 3D graphene‐like flakes‐coated carbon rods are self‐grown catalyzed by Mn. The obtained catalysts exhibit high oxygen‐reduction reaction electrocatalytic performance in alkaline media.
Background: Several studies have reported that mindfulness meditation has a potential effect in controlling headaches, such as migraine and tension-type headache; however, its role remains ...controversial. This review assessed the evidence regarding the effects of mindfulness meditation for primary headache pain.
Methods: Only English databases (PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials the Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Psychology and behavioral science collection, PsyArticles, Web of Science, and Scopus) were searched from their inception to November 2016 with the keywords ("meditation" or "mindfulness" or "vipassana" or "dzogchen" or "zen" or "integrative body-mind training" or "IBMT" or "mindfulness-based stress reduction" or "MBSR" or "mindfulness-based cognitive therapy" or "MBCT" and "Headache" or "Head pain" or "Cephalodynia" or "Cephalalgia" or "Hemicrania" or "Migraine"). Titles, abstracts, and full-text articles were screened against study inclusion criteria: controlled trials of structured meditation programs for adult patients with primary headache pain. The quality of studies included in the meta-analysis was assessed with the Yates Quality Rating Scale. The meta-analysis was conducted with Revman 5.3.
Results: Ten randomized controlled trials and one controlled clinical trial with a combined study population of 315 patients were included in the study. When compared to control group data, mindfulness meditation induced significant improvement in pain intensity (standardized mean difference, −0.89; 95% confidence interval, −1.63 to −0.15; P = 0.02) and headache frequency (−0.67; −1.24 to −0.10; P = 0.02). In a subgroup analysis of different meditation forms, mindfulness-based stress reduction displayed a significant positive influence on pain intensity (P < 0.000). Moreover, 8-week intervention had a significant positive effect (P < 0.000).
Conclusions: Mindfulness meditation may reduce pain intensity and is a promising treatment option for patients. Clinicians may consider mindfulness meditation as a viable complementary and alternative medical option for primary headache.
Linear triquinane sesquiterpenoids represent an important class of natural products. Most of these compounds were isolated from fungi, sponges, and soft corals, and many of them displayed a wide ...range of biological activities. On account of their structural diversity and complexity, linear triquinane sesquiterpenoids present new challenges for chemical structure identification and total synthesis. 118 linear triquinane sesquiterpenoids were classified into 8 types, named types I⁻VIII, based on the carbon skeleton and the position of carbon substituents. Their isolation, structure elucidations, biological activities, and chemical synthesis were reviewed. This paper cited 102 articles from 1947 to 2018.
Objectives
Based on previous reports that ginsenosides have been shown to exert better preventive effects on cisplatin‐induced kidney injury, the present work aims to evaluate the protective effects ...of ginsenoside Rb3 (G‐Rb3) on cisplatin‐induced renal damage and underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro.
Materials and methods
The protective effect of G‐Rb3 on cisplatin‐induced acute renal failure in ICR mouse model and HEK293 cell model was investigated, and the underlying possible mechanisms were also explored. For animal experiment, renal function, kidney histology, inflammation, oxidative stress, relative protein molecules involved in apoptosis and autophagy signalling pathways were assessed. In addition, rapamycin (a specific inhibitor of mTOR), compound C (a specific inhibitor of AMPK) and acetylcysteine (NAC, a specific ROS scavenger) were employed to testify the effects of AMPK/mTOR signal pathway on the protective effects of G‐Rb3 in HEK293 cells.
Results
Pre‐treatment with G‐Rb3 at doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg for ten days significantly reversed the increases in serum creatinine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and decrease in glutathione (GSH) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Histopathological examination further revealed that G‐Rb3 inhibited cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity. G‐Rb3 diminished cisplatin‐induced increase in protein expression levels of p62, Atg3, Atg5 and Atg7, and decrease in protein expression level of p‐mTOR and the ratio of LC3‐I/LC3‐II, indicating that G‐Rb3 suppressed cisplatin‐induced activation of autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy induced inactivation of apoptosis, which suggested that autophagy played an adverse effect on cisplatin‐evoked renal damage. Further, we found that G‐Rb3 might potentially modulate the expressions of AMPK‐related signal pathways.
Conclusions
These findings clearly suggested that G‐Rb3‐mediated alleviation of cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity was in part due to regulation of AMPK‐/mTOR‐mediated autophagy and inhibition of apoptosis in vitro and in vivo.
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