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•“Mini-BACS + AES” setup can be used for in vitro hazard characterization of simulated fume events.•Aircraft hydraulic fluid fumes are more harmful than engine oil fumes.•Higher OP ...level and smaller particle size may contribute to higher toxicity of hydraulic fluid fumes.•Our results clearly reflect potential health risks associated with fume events in aircraft cabins.
Contamination of aircraft cabin air can result from leakage of engine oils and hydraulic fluids into bleed air. This may cause adverse health effects in cabin crews and passengers. To realistically mimic inhalation exposure to aircraft cabin bleed-air contaminants, a mini bleed-air contaminants simulator (Mini-BACS) was constructed and connected to an air-liquid interface (ALI) aerosol exposure system (AES). This unique “Mini-BACS + AES” setup provides steady conditions to perform ALI exposure of the mono- and co-culture lung models to fumes from pyrolysis of aircraft engine oils and hydraulic fluids at respectively 200 °C and 350 °C. Meanwhile, physicochemical characteristics of test atmospheres were continuously monitored during the entire ALI exposure, including chemical composition, particle number concentration (PNC) and particles size distribution (PSD). Additional off-line chemical characterization was also performed for the generated fume. We started with submerged exposure to fumes generated from 4 types of engine oil (Fume A, B, C, and D) and 2 types of hydraulic fluid (Fume E and F). Following submerged exposures, Fume E and F as well as Fume A and B exerted the highest toxicity, which were therefore further tested under ALI exposure conditions. ALI exposures reveal that these selected engine oil (0–100 mg/m3) and hydraulic fluid (0–90 mg/m3) fumes at tested dose-ranges can impair epithelial barrier functions, induce cytotoxicity, produce pro-inflammatory responses, and reduce cell viability. Hydraulic fluid fumes are more toxic than engine oil fumes on the mass concentration basis. This may be related to higher abundance of organophosphates (OPs, ≈2800 µg/m3) and smaller particle size (≈50 nm) of hydraulic fluid fumes. Our results suggest that exposure to engine oil and hydraulic fluid fumes can induce considerable lung toxicity, clearly reflecting the potential health risks of contaminated aircraft cabin air.
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•Improved method for the quantification of BDCPP as metabolite of the wide-spread flame retardant TDCPP is achieved.•Validation assessment prior human biomonitoring in urine confirms ...a reliable and dedicated method.•Human biomonitoring study in the Netherlands resulting in no elevated levels of BDCPP.•Exposure to TDCPP is comparable with other countries.
Tris(1,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate (TDCPP, CAS 13674-87-8) is one of the most commonly used organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in cars, residential furniture and other products containing polyurethane foam to meet the required flammability standards. For the tasks of the working group Analyses in Biological Material from the German Research Foundation (DFG), a human biomonitoring process for TDCPP is developed. The metabolism of TDCPP is described in different in vivo studies and it is already shown that Bis (1,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate (BDCPP, CAS 72236-72-7) is the primary compound specific metabolite of TDCPP which is often detectable in urine samples. BDCPP is also the most appropriate metabolite because it is unique to TDCPP since no other OPFR known today is transformed or hydrolyzed to BDCPP.
A combined method by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) is implemented by optimizing atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and Electron Spray Ionization (ESI) operating in negative ionization mode. Simultaneous, multiple reaction monitoring is studied to achieve the best performance with respect to selectivity, detectability and robustness of BDCPP. During an expanded validation assessment, the methodological performance characteristics are determined in details and the method is applied in a specific human biomonitoring study among non-occupationally exposed humans of randomly chosen volunteers from the Netherlands.
This study was designed to determine the toxicity (oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity) in extracts of combustion aerosols. A typical Euro III heavy truck engine was tested over the European ...Transient Cycle with three different fuels: conventional diesel EN590, biodiesel EN14214 as B100 and blends with conventional diesel (B5, B10, and B20) and pure plant oil DIN51605 (PPO). In addition application of a (wall flow) diesel particulate filter (DPF) with conventional diesel EN590 was tested. The use of B100 or PPO as a fuel or the DPF reduced particulate matter (PM) mass and numbers over 80%. Similarly, significant reduction in the emission of chemical constituents (EC 90%, (oxy)-PAH 70%) were achieved. No significant changes in nitro-PAH were observed. The use of B100 or PPO led to a NOx increase of about 30%, and no increase for DPF application. The effects of B100, PPO and the DPF on the biological test results vary strongly from positive to negative depending on the biological end point. The oxidative potential, measured via the DTT assay, of the B100 and PPO or DPF emissions is reduced by 95%. The cytotoxicity is increased for B100 by 200%. The measured mutagenicity, using the Ames assay test with TA98 and YG1024 strains of
Salmonella typhimurium indicate a dose response for the nitroarene sensitive YG1024 strain for B100 and PPO (fold induction: 1.6). In summary B100 and PPO have good potential for the use as a second generation biofuel resulting in lower PM mass, similar to application of a DPF, but caution should be made due to potential increased toxicity. Besides regulation via mass, the biological reactivity of exhaust emissions of new (bio)fuels and application of new technologies, needs attention. The different responses of different biological tests as well as differences in results between test laboratories underline the need for harmonization of test methods and international cooperation.
► The use of B100 or PPO fuels reduces PM mass and numbers over 80%. ► The effects of B100 and PPO on the biological test results vary from positive to negative. ► The biological reactivity of exhaust emissions of new (bio)fuels needs attention.
Chemical characterization of biofuel exhaust emissions Jedynska, Aleksandra; Tromp, Peter C.; Houtzager, Marc M.G. ...
Atmospheric environment (1994),
September 2015, 2015-09-00, 20150901, Letnik:
116
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Use of biodiesel is increasing following implementation of various policy instruments and a surge in demand due to growing urbanized populations. A series of experiments to characterize the chemical ...composition of emissions generated during combustion of petro-diesel (B0), biodiesel blends (B5, B10, B20), biodiesel (B100) and pure plant oil were performed in a standard EURO III truck engine. In total 108 separate components of emissions from the various fuels were quantitatively assessed. Further, the size dependence of PAH emissions was investigated. It was found that biodiesel was associated with significantly lower levels of PM and CO emissions and reduced levels of components such as aldehydes, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and their derivatives, hopanes/steranes and elemental carbon/organic carbon (EC/OC). The majority of particle bound PAH were associated with the ultra-fine fraction (diameter range of 0.01–0.14 μm). The use of a diesel particulate filter reduced B0 emissions to levels of B100. While our study was conducted under ideal controlled conditions, our data support the widely held view that biodiesel emissions have a different chemical composition than emissions from petro-diesel. The consequences of this in terms of health and environmental impact should be assessed in wider studies.
•We tested different diesel and biodiesel blends in a truck engine.•We report emissions of 108 individual components for all tested fuels.•Biodiesel was associated with lower levels of emissions of most components.•The majority of particle bound PAH were associated with the ultra-fine fraction.
European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) Technical Committee 264 'Air Quality' has recently produced a standard method for the measurements of anions and cations in PM
2.5
within its Working ...Group 34 in response to the requirements of European Directive 2008/50/EC. It is expected that this method will be used in future by all Member States making measurements of the ionic content of PM
2.5
. This paper details the results of a field measurement campaign and the statistical analysis performed to validate this method, assess its uncertainty and define its working range to provide clarity and confidence in the underpinning science for future users of the method. The statistical analysis showed that, except for the lowest range of concentrations, the expanded combined uncertainty is expected to be below 30% at the 95% confidence interval for all ions except Cl
−
. However, if the analysis is carried out on the lower concentrations found at rural sites the uncertainty can be in excess of 50% for Cl
−
, Na
+
, K
+
, Mg
2+
and Ca
2+
. An estimation of the detection limit for all ions was also calculated and found to be 0.03 μg m
−3
or below.
The results of field trial campaign to validate the European standard measurement method for anions and cations in ambient particulate matter are presented.
•Lung cells were successfully exposed at the air–liquid interface to diesel exhaust.•Cells showed a decreased cell viability and increased oxidative stress response.•Diesel exhaust was obtained from ...a heavy-duty truck in a climatic–altitude chamber.•This chamber offers unique capability to measure real world emission of a truck.
Air–liquid interface (ALI) exposures enable in vitro testing of mixtures of gases and particles such as diesel exhaust (DE). The main objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of exposing human lung epithelial cells at the ALI to complete DE generated by a heavy-duty truck in the state-of-the-art TNO powertrain test center. A549 cells were exposed at the air–liquid interface to DE generated by a heavy-duty Euro III truck for 1.5h. The truck was tested at a speed of ∼70kmh−1 to simulate free-flowing traffic on a motorway. Twenty-four hours after exposure, cells were analyzed for markers of oxidative stress (GSH and HO-1), cytotoxicity (LDH and Alamar Blue assay) and inflammation (IL-8). DE exposure resulted in an increased oxidative stress response (significantly increased HO-1 levels and significantly reduced GSH/GSSH ratio), and a decreased cell viability (significantly decreased Alamar Blue levels and slightly increased LDH levels). However, the pro-inflammatory response seemed to decrease (decrease in IL-8). The results presented here demonstrate that we are able to successfully expose A549 cells at ALI to complete DE generated by a heavy-duty truck in TNO’s powertrain test center and show oxidative stress and cytotoxicity responses due to DE exposure.
European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) Technical Committee 264 'Air Quality' has recently produced a standard method for the measurements of anions and cations in PM
within its Working Group 34 ...in response to the requirements of European Directive 2008/50/EC. It is expected that this method will be used in future by all Member States making measurements of the ionic content of PM
. This paper details the results of a field measurement campaign and the statistical analysis performed to validate this method, assess its uncertainty and define its working range to provide clarity and confidence in the underpinning science for future users of the method. The statistical analysis showed that, except for the lowest range of concentrations, the expanded combined uncertainty is expected to be below 30% at the 95% confidence interval for all ions except Cl
. However, if the analysis is carried out on the lower concentrations found at rural sites the uncertainty can be in excess of 50% for Cl
, Na
, K
, Mg
and Ca
. An estimation of the detection limit for all ions was also calculated and found to be 0.03 μg m
or below.
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