Purpose
The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in metabolic variables, running energetics and spatiotemporal gait parameters during an 80.5 km treadmill ultramarathon and ...establish which key predictive variables best determine ultramarathon performance.
Methods
Twelve participants (9 male and 3 female, age 34 ± 7 years, and maximal oxygen uptake (
V
˙
O
2max
) 60.4 ± 5.8 ml·kg
−1
·min
−1
) completed an 80.5 km time trial on a motorised treadmill in the fastest possible time. Metabolic variables: oxygen consumption (
V
˙
O
2
), carbon dioxide production (
V
˙
CO
2
) and pulmonary ventilation (
V
˙
E
) were measured via indirect calorimetry every 16.1 km at a controlled speed of 8 km·h
−1
and used to calculate respiratory exchange ratio (RER), the energy cost of running (Cr) and fractional utilisation of
V
˙
O
2max
(
F
). Spatiotemporal gait parameters: stride length (SL) and cadence (SPM) were calculated via tri-axial accelerometery.
Results
Trial completion time was 09:00:18 ± 01:14:07 (hh:mm:ss). There were significant increases in
V
˙
O
2
, Cr,
F
,
V
˙
E
and heart rate (HR) (
p
< 0.01); a significant decrease in RER (
p
< 0.01) and no change in SL and SPM (
p
> 0.05) across the measured timepoints.
F
and Cr accounted for 61% of the variance in elapsed finish time (
R
adj
2
= 0.607,
p
< 0.01).
Conclusion
A treadmill ultramarathon elicits significant changes in metabolic variables, running energetics and spatiotemporal gait parameters. With
F
and Cr explaining 61% of variance in finish time. Therefore, those able to maintain a higher
F
, while adopting strategies to minimise an increase in Cr may be best placed to maximise ultramarathon performance.
The Ensembl project (http://www.ensembl.org) is a comprehensive genome information system featuring an integrated set of genome annotation, databases and other information for chordate and selected ...model organism and disease vector genomes. As of release 47 (October 2007), Ensembl fully supports 35 species, with preliminary support for six additional species. New species in the past year include platypus and horse. Major additions and improvements to Ensembl since our previous report include extensive support for functional genomics data in the form of a specialized functional genomics database, genome-wide maps of protein-DNA interactions and the Ensembl regulatory build; support for customization of the Ensembl web interface through the addition of user accounts and user groups; and increased support for genome resequencing. We have also introduced new comparative genomics-based data mining options and report on the continued development of our software infrastructure.
The Pfam protein families database Bateman, Alex; Birney, Ewan; Cerruti, Lorenzo ...
Nucleic acids research,
2002-Jan-01, 2002-1-1, 20020101, 2002, Letnik:
30, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Pfam is a large collection of protein multiple sequence alignments and profile hidden Markov models. Pfam is available on the World Wide Web in the UK at http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Software/Pfam/, in ...Sweden at http://www.cgb.ki.se/Pfam/, in France at http://pfam.jouy.inra.fr/ and in the US at http://pfam.wustl.edu/. The latest version (6.6) of Pfam contains 3071 families, which match 69% of proteins in SWISS-PROT 39 and TrEMBL 14. Structural data, where available, have been utilised to ensure that Pfam families correspond with structural domains, and to improve domain-based annotation. Predictions of non-domain regions are now also included. In addition to secondary structure, Pfam multiple sequence alignments now contain active site residue mark-up. New search tools, including taxonomy search and domain query, greatly add to the functionality and usability of the Pfam resource.
The Human Epigenome Project aims to identify, catalogue, and interpret genome-wide DNA methylation phenomena. Occurring naturally on cytosine bases at cytosine-guanine dinucleotides, DNA methylation ...is intimately involved in diverse biological processes and the aetiology of many diseases. Differentially methylated cytosines give rise to distinct profiles, thought to be specific for gene activity, tissue type, and disease state. The identification of such methylation variable positions will significantly improve our understanding of genome biology and our ability to diagnose disease. Here, we report the results of the pilot study for the Human Epigenome Project entailing the methylation analysis of the human major histocompatibility complex. This study involved the development of an integrated pipeline for high-throughput methylation analysis using bisulphite DNA sequencing, discovery of methylation variable positions, epigenotyping by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry, and development of an integrated public database available at http://www.epigenome.org. Our analysis of DNA methylation levels within the major histocompatibility complex, including regulatory exonic and intronic regions associated with 90 genes in multiple tissues and individuals, reveals a bimodal distribution of methylation profiles (i.e., the vast majority of the analysed regions were either hypo- or hypermethylated), tissue specificity, inter-individual variation, and correlation with independent gene expression data.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In the heterobiaryl cross-coupling reaction between aryl halides (Ar-X) and N-methylpyrrole (N-MP) catalyzed by rhodamine 6G (Rh6G+) under irradiation with visible light, a highly active and ...long-lived (millisecond time range) rhodamine 6G radical (Rh6G•) is formed upon electron transfer from N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) to Rh6G+. In this study, we utilized steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy techniques to demonstrate the existence of another electron-transfer process occurring from the relatively electron-rich N-MP to photoexcited Rh6G+ that was neglected in the previous reports. In this case, the radical Rh6G• formed is short-lived and undergoes rapid recombination (nanosecond time-range), rendering it ineffective in reducing Ar-X to aryl radicals Ar• that can subsequently be trapped by N-MP. This is further demonstrated via two model reactions involving 4′-bromoacetophenone and 1,3,5-tribromobenzene with insignificant product yields after visible-light irradiation in the absence of DIPEA. The unproductive quenching of photoexcited Rh6G+ by N-MP leads to a lower concentration of photocatalyst available for competitive charge transfer with DIPEA and hence decreases the efficiency of the cross-coupling reaction.
The Pfam protein families database Bateman, A; Birney, E; Durbin, R ...
Nucleic acids research,
2000-Jan-01, 2000-1-1, 20000101, 2000, Letnik:
28, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Pfam is a large collection of protein multiple sequence alignments and profile hidden Markov models. Pfam is available on the WWW in the UK at http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Software/Pfam/, in Sweden at ...http://www.cgr.ki.se/Pfam/ and in the US at http://pfam.wustl.edu/. The latest version (4.3) of Pfam contains 1815 families. These Pfam families match 63% of proteins in SWISS-PROT 37 and TrEMBL 9. For complete genomes Pfam currently matches up to half of the proteins. Genomic DNA can be directly searched against the Pfam library using the Wise2 package.
Atherosclerosis is the process underlying heart attack and stroke. Despite decades of research, its pathogenesis remains unclear. Dogma suggests that atherosclerotic plaques expand primarily via the ...accumulation of cholesterol and inflammatory cells. However, recent evidence suggests that a substantial portion of the plaque may arise from a subset of “dedifferentiated” vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) which proliferate in a clonal fashion. Herein we use multicolor lineage-tracing models to confirm that the mature SMC can give rise to a hyperproliferative cell which appears to promote inflammation via elaboration of complement-dependent anaphylatoxins. Despite being extensively opsonized with prophagocytic complement fragments, we find that this cell also escapes immune surveillance by neighboring macrophages, thereby exacerbating its relative survival advantage. Mechanistic studies indicate this phenomenon results from a generalized opsoninsensing defect acquired by macrophages during polarization. This defect coincides with the noncanonical up-regulation of so-called don’t eat me molecules on inflamed phagocytes, which reduces their capacity for programmed cell removal (PrCR). Knockdown or knockout of the key antiphagocytic molecule CD47 restores the ability of macrophages to sense and clear opsonized targets in vitro, allowing for potent and targeted suppression of clonal SMC expansion in the plaque in vivo. Because integrated clinical and genomic analyses indicate that similar pathways are active in humans with cardiovascular disease, these studies suggest that the clonally expanding SMC may represent a translational target for treating atherosclerosis.
We constructed a second-generation linkage map of tilapia from the F(2) progeny of an interspecific cross between Oreochromis niloticus and Oreochromis aureus. The map reported here contains 525 ...microsatellite and 21 gene-based markers. It spans 1311 cM in 24 linkage groups, for an average marker spacing of 2.4 cM. We detected associations of sex and red color with markers on linkage group 3. This map will enable mapping and selective breeding of quantitative traits important to the economic culture of tilapia as a food fish and will contribute to the study of closely related cichlids that have undergone explosive adaptive radiation in the lakes of East Africa.
We present measurements of the E -mode ( E E ) polarization power spectrum and temperatureE -mode ( T E ) cross-power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background using data collected by SPT-3G, the ...latest instrument installed on the South Pole Telescope. This analysis uses observations of a 1500 deg2 region at 95, 150, and 220 GHz taken over a four-month period in 2018. We report binned values of the E E and T E power spectra over the angular multipole range 300 ≤ ℓ < 3000 , using the multifrequency data to construct six semi-independent estimates of each power spectrum and their minimum-variance combination. These measurements improve upon the previous results of SPTpol across the multipole ranges 300 ≤ ℓ ≤ 1400 for E E and 300 ≤ ℓ ≤ 1700 for T E , resulting in constraints on cosmological parameters comparable to those from other current leading ground-based experiments. We find that the SPT-3G data set is well fit by a Λ CDM cosmological model with parameter constraints consistent with those from Planck and SPTpol data. From SPT-3G data alone, we find H0= 68.8 ± 1.5 km s−1 Mpc−1 and σ8= 0.789 ± 0.016 , with a gravitational lensing amplitude consistent with the Λ CDM prediction ( AL= 0.98 ± 0.12 ). We combine the SPT-3G and the Planck data sets and obtain joint constraints on the Λ CDM model. The volume of the 68% confidence region in six-dimensional Λ CDM parameter space is reduced by a factor of 1.5 compared to Planck-only constraints, with no significant shifts in central values. We note that the results presented here are obtained from data collected during just half of a typical observing season with only part of the focal plane operable, and that the active detector count has since nearly doubled for observations made with SPT-3G after 2018.
PDF
