The Second Edition of Preventing and Reducing Juvenile Delinquency: A Comprehensive Framework aims to inform students about the latest research and the most promising and effective programs and ...provides a wealth of information for understanding, preventing and controlling juvenile delinquency.
NG2 is purportedly one of the most growth-inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) produced after spinal cord injury. Nonetheless, once the severed axon tips dieback from the lesion core ...into the penumbra they closely associate with NG2+ cells. We asked if proteoglycans play a role in this tight cell-cell interaction and whether overadhesion upon these cells might participate in regeneration failure in rodents. Studies using varying ratios of CSPGs and adhesion molecules along with chondroitinase ABC, as well as purified adult cord-derived NG2 glia, demonstrate that CSPGs are involved in entrapping neurons. Once dystrophic axons become stabilized upon NG2+ cells, they form synaptic-like connections both in vitro and in vivo. In NG2 knock-out mice, sensory axons in the dorsal columns dieback further than their control counterparts. When axons are double conditioned to enhance their growth potential, some traverse the lesion core and express reduced amounts of synaptic proteins. Our studies suggest that proteoglycan-mediated entrapment upon NG2+ cells is an additional obstacle to CNS axon regeneration.
A growing body of research has demonstrated the deleterious effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Less understood is the role of ACEs in gang involvement among juvenile offenders. The ...current longitudinal study employs a sample of 104,267 juvenile offenders (mean age of 16, 76% male, 46% Black non-Hispanic, 15.7% Hispanic) to examine the effect of ACE exposure on two different measures of gang involvement by age 18. We use structural equation modeling to test whether higher ACE exposure at Time 1 predicts gang involvement and whether current substance use and/or difficult temperament mediates the ACE-gang involvement relationship. Results indicate ACE exposure at Time 1 predicts gang involvement by age 18, but that much of the effect of ACEs on later gang involvement can be explained by their impact on current substance abuse and difficult temperament. Implications for juvenile justice systems are discussed.
A Size-Reduced, 15-Element, Planar Yagi Antenna Smith, Lauryn P.; Howell, James C.; Lim, Sungkyun
IEEE transactions on antennas and propagation,
04/2021, Letnik:
69, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A size-reduced, 15-element Yagi antenna is presented in a planar shape. T-shaped, top loadings are implemented to reduce the lengths of the individual antenna elements. The Yagi antenna achieves a ...45% reduction in the element lengths compared with a traditional, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\lambda </tex-math></inline-formula>/2 full-sized Yagi antenna. The proposed antenna is simulated, and a prototype is built for measurement validation. The −10 dB impedance bandwidth is 70.0 MHz (4.6%), and the measured realized gain is 13.3 dBi. Compared with the full-sized Yagi antenna, the bandwidth of the proposed, size-reduced Yagi antenna is similar. In addition, a minor difference in realized gain in comparison to the full-sized Yagi is observed when more than two parasitic elements are added. This difference in realized gain between the full-sized Yagi and the size-reduced Yagi is then explained by an approximate contribution of 0.2 dB per each added parasitic element. The measurements and simulations are in good agreement.
In September of 2011, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), the ...International Rett Syndrome Foundation (IRSF) and the Rett Syndrome Research Trust (RSRT) convened a workshop involving a broad cross-section of basic scientists, clinicians and representatives from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the pharmaceutical industry and private foundations to assess the state of the art in animal studies of Rett syndrome (RTT). The aim of the workshop was to identify crucial knowledge gaps and to suggest scientific priorities and best practices for the use of animal models in preclinical evaluation of potential new RTT therapeutics. This review summarizes outcomes from the workshop and extensive follow-up discussions among participants, and includes: (1) a comprehensive summary of the physiological and behavioral phenotypes of RTT mouse models to date, and areas in which further phenotypic analyses are required to enhance the utility of these models for translational studies; (2) discussion of the impact of genetic differences among mouse models, and methodological differences among laboratories, on the expression and analysis, respectively, of phenotypic traits; and (3) definitions of the standards that the community of RTT researchers can implement for rigorous preclinical study design and transparent reporting to ensure that decisions to initiate costly clinical trials are grounded in reliable preclinical data.
This article examines the public policy benefits of gang research. In particular, the author highlights the benefits of longitudinal research on gang members in several cities and multi-city tracking ...of gang problems nationwide. Remarkably, the accumulated research led directly to expanded federally sponsored gang research, program development and program evaluations—a clear-cut case in which research influenced public policy.
The Risk-Need-Responsivity paradigm promotes matching of services to individualized criminogenic needs. This framework has become common lexicon, yet empirical evaluation of individual-level service ...matching, while including actual dosage received, is surprisingly sparse. We examine the efficacy of matching criminogenic needs to interventions within juvenile justice residential programs while accounting for the dosages of services received (contact hours and number of weeks).
We use a sample of 1678 juvenile offenders (58% Black, 12% Hispanic, 14% female) released from residential placement. Logistic regression tests whether service matching and achieving dosage targets recommended by Lipsey's Standardized Program Evaluation Protocol (SPEP) predict greater reductions in risk from admission to discharge using a validated risk/need tool. Additionally, exact matching is used to create equivalent groups in examining whether service matching and achieving SPEP targets results in lower recidivism post-release.
Service matching coupled with achieving SPEP service delivery targets results in greater risk reduction in five of ten domains examined, and significantly lower likelihood of subsequent conviction than among youth not matched to services and achieving SPEP targets.
Matching services to individualized assessed criminogenic needs and providing optimal intervention dosage is critical to success both within and post-residential placement for juvenile offenders.
•We examine service matching and intervention dosage on risk reduction and recidivism.•Service matching to needs and attaining dosage targets enhance risk reduction.•Service matching to needs and attaining dosage targets lead to 40% lower recidivism.
This study examines patterns of victimization among youth in residential placement facilities using data from the Survey of Youth in Residential Placement. Findings indicate that gang involvement in ...residential placement is associated with multiple forms of victimization. However, desistance from gang membership resulted in rates of victimization among gang members that were no different from those of youth who had never been involved in gangs. These findings support prior research showing that gang involvement does not appear to serve as a protective function and further specifies the nature and contexts of the relationship between gang association and victimization.
A 50-year-old man underwent shoulder surgery in the beach chair position. His mean arterial blood pressure at arm level was approximately 65 mm Hg. Postoperatively, there was delayed awakening and a ...right hemiparesis. Radiologic evaluation revealed a congenital asymmetry of the circle of Willis that resulted in limited collateral flow to the left anterior and middle cerebral artery distributions. Similar anatomical variations are relatively common in the general population and may render some patients relatively and unpredictably more vulnerable to hypotension.
What Works With Gangs Howell, James C.
Criminology & public policy,
November 2018, 20181101, Letnik:
17, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Progress has been slow in developing antigang programs. Preventing gangs from forming and eliminating established gangs altogether almost seems impossible when they are rooted in the cracks of our ...society - most prevalent in large cities with long histories of socioeconomic deprivation and racial-ethnic conflicts. Nevertheless, past reviewers of gang programs have been fixated on finding a "magic bullet" - that is, exclusively model or exemplary programs. In this gang essay, I applaud the positive outcomes of a gang-adapted program, Functional Family Therapy-Gang.
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