A statewide sample of 1735 Iowa residents, approximately half of whom were victims of the 1993 Midwest Floods, participated in interviews 1 year prior to, and 30 to 90 days after, the disaster. ...Employing a rigorous methodology including both control‐group comparisons and predisaster assessments, we performed a systematic evaluation of the disaster's impact. Overall, the disaster led to true but small rises in depressive symptoms and diagnoses 60–90 days postflood. The disaster–psychopathology effect was not moderated by predisaster depressive symptoms or diagnostically defined depression; rather, predisaster symptoms and diagnoses uniquely contributed to increases in postdisaster distress. However, increases in symptoms as a function of flood impact were slightly greater among respondents with the lowest incomes and among residents living in small rural communities, as opposed to on farms or in cities. Implications for individual‐ and community‐level disaster response are discussed.
Various demographic and familial risk factors have been linked to runaway behavior. To date, there has not been a systematic investigation of the impact of size of community on runaway behavior. This ...study will compare runaways from smaller cities and rural areas to their urban counterparts.
A convenience sample of 602 adolescents was interviewed between 1995 and August of 1996 in Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas, USA. Multiple regression was used to examine the association between gender, neglect, sexual abuse, physical abuse, geographic and family structure change, and community size of first runaway to predict age at first runaway, deviant subsistence strategies, and street victimization.
Findings indicate that adolescents exposed to neglect (
β
=
−.20) and sexual abuse (
β
=
−.16) ran away sooner and were more likely to be victimized on the street. Rural adolescents who experienced higher levels of physical abuse relied more heavily on deviant subsistence strategies (
β
=
.15) and remained in abusive homes longer (
β
=
.15) than their similarly situated urban counterparts.
Rural youth who have been subjected to elevated levels of familial abuse are at greater risk of deviant subsistence strategies, which increase the likelihood of street victimization.
This study examines factors that contribute to depressive symptoms and to co-occurring depression, substance abuse, and conduct problems among 602 runaway and homeless adolescents. The respondents ...were interviewed in shelters, drop-in centers, and directly on the streets in four Midwestern states (Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas). Results indicate that although family-of-origin factors contribute to depressive symptoms and comorbidity among runaway and homeless adolescents, experiences and behaviors when the adolescents are on their own also have powerful effects. The authors discuss the findings from a life-course perspective focusing on mechanisms through which street experiences accentuate or amplify already high levels of psychological distress and behavioral problems among this population of young people.
This article reports on the development of two measures relating to historical trauma among American Indian people: The Historical Loss Scale and The Historical Loss Associated Symptoms Scale. ...Measurement characteristics including frequencies, internal reliability, and confirmatory factor analyses were calculated based on 143 American Indian adult parents of children aged 10 through 12 years who are part of an ongoing longitudinal study of American Indian families in the upper Midwest. Results indicate both scales have high internal reliability. Frequencies indicate that the current generation of American Indian adults have frequent thoughts pertaining to historical losses and that they associate these losses with negative feelings. Two factors of the Historical Loss Associated Symptoms Scale indicate one anxiety/depression component and one anger/avoidance component. The results are discussed in terms of future research and theory pertaining to historical trauma among American Indian people.
Objective: This study examined the differential effects of various forms of abuse, as well as their combined effects. The study also sought to separate the factors uniquely associated with abuse from ...those associated with the more general problems present in an abusive family environment.
Methodology: Data were collected from 329 homeless adolescents. Preliminary analyses indicated some degree of matching for family background variables. Any differences in demographic or family characteristics were controlled for statistically.
Results: Chi-square analyses revealed significant differences across groups for rates of assault, rape, depression/dysthymia, and attempted suicide. Multivariate analyses (MANOVAs) indicated significant differences in severity of internalizing problems and cognitive problems. Without exception, the group with histories of both physical and sexual abuse exhibited the most severe symptomatology and was at greatest risk for revictimization. Multiple regression analyses suggested that abuse histories were predictive of internalizing problems while family characteristics were more predictive of externalizing problems.
Conclusions: The findings indicate that both abuse type and family characteristics contribute to the development of symptomatology. Future prospective and longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the sequelae of abuse, as well as the possible cause and effect relations between abuse, family characteristics, and psychological outcome.
The implications of exposure to acute and chronic stressors, and seeking mental health care, for increased psychological distress are examined. Research on economic stress, psychological distress, ...and rural agrarian values each point to increasing variability within rural areas. Using data from a panel study of 1,487 adults, a model predicting changes in depressive symptoms was specified and tested. Results show effects by size of place for men but not for women. Men living in rural villages of under 2,500 or in small towns of 2,500 to 9,999 people had significantly greater increases in depressive symptoms than men living in the country or in larger towns or cities. Size of place was also related to level of stigma toward mental health care. Persons living in the most rural environments were more likely to hold stigmatized attitudes toward mental health care and these views were strongly predictive of willingness to seek care. The combination of increased risk and less willingness to seek assistance places men living in small towns and villages in particular jeopardy for continuing problems involving depressed mood.
Using a sample of 407 families living in rural areas of North Central Iowa, this study examines religious transmission between same-sex and cross-sex parent-child groups. The analyses focus on the ...mechanisms through which adolescents' perceptions of parental acceptance moderate the transmission of religious beliefs and practices. Results show that both fathers and mothers played important roles in transmitting religious beliefs and practices to their sons and daughters. Mothers' influence was stronger than fathers' when the adolescents perceived the parent as accepting. This effect was especially strong for sons.
This study compares participation in deviant subsistence strategies, street victimization, and lifetime prevalence of five mental disorders (conduct disorder, major depressive disorder, ...post-traumatic stress disorder, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse) among heterosexual males and females (n = 366) and gay, lesbian, and bisexual (n = 63) homeless and runaway adolescents from the first wave of a longitudinal study of homeless youth in four Midwestern states. The results indicate that gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents were more likely to have been physically and sexually abused by caretakers, were more likely to engage in risky survival strategies when on their own (including survival sex), were more likely to be physically and sexually victimized when on the streets, and were more likely to meet criteria for mental disorder than were their heterosexual counterparts.
Objective: Almost all of what is known about the families of runaways and homeless adolescents is based on adolescent self-reports. The validity of such research is currently being questioned by ...policy makers. The purpose of this study was to compare runaway and homeless adolescent reports and parent/caretaker reports on measures of parenting, family violence, and adolescent conduct.
Method: Reports of 120 runaway adolescents and their parents/caretakers from four Midwestern states were compared on measures of parental monitoring, parental warmth and supportiveness, parental rejection, physical and sexual abuse, and adolescent conduct. Comparison groups of nonrunaway adolescents and their mothers in two-parent and single-parent families from the same geographical area were also used for parenting and adolescent conduct measures.
Results: The findings indicated that although there were significant differences in means between adults and adolescents regardless of runaway status, adults and adolescent reports were in the same direction and present similar portraits of families of runaway and homeless young people. Both the parents/caretakers and their runaway adolescents reported lower levels of parental monitoring and warmth and supportiveness and higher levels of parental rejection than comparison groups of nonrunaway families. Parents/caretakers and runaway adolescents reported high levels of family violence and sexual abuse. Similarly, they concur regarding conduct problems for the adolescents.
Conclusions: The findings suggest that runaway and homeless adolescents accurately depict the troubled family situations that they choose to leave. The policy implications for recent debates involving criminalization and mandatory return to parental custody of homeless and runaway youth are discussed.
Objectif: A peu près tout ce qui est connu sur les adolescents fugueurs et sand domicile fixe s'appuie sur des autosignalements. La validité des recherches de ce type est régulièrement remise en cause par les décideurs. L'objectif de cette étude a été de comparer les données rapportées par les adolescents fugueurs et sand domicile fixe à celles rapportées par les parents ou les responsables sur base de mesures concernant la capacité parentale, la violence familiale et le comportement de l'adolescent.
Méthode: Les données de 120 adolescents fugueurs et de leurs parents/responsables de nos Etats du middle ouest ont été compararées en s'appuyant sur des mesures concernant les capacités parentales, la chaleur le coutien ou le rejet des parents, la maltraitance et l'abus sexuel et le comportement de l'adolescent. Des groupes de comparaison d'adolescents non-fugueurs et de leurs mères dans des familles biparentales et monoparentales de la même région géographique ont été utilisés pour les mesures de capacité parentale et de comportement de l'adolescent.
Résultats: Les données indiquent que malgré des différences significatives entre adultes et adolescents, indépendamment du statut de fugueur, les données des adultes et des adolescents allaient dans la même direction et présentaient des portraits similaires des familles de jeunes fugueurs et sans domicile fixe. Aussi bien les parents/responsables que leurs adolescents fugueurs mentionnaient moins de capacités parentales, moins de chaleur et de soutien et plus de rejet en comparaison avec les groupes de famille de non-gugueurs. Les parents/responsables et les adolescents fugueurs mentionnaient beaucoup de violence familiale et d'abus sexuel. On retrouve les mêmes similitudes pour les troubles du comportement des adolescents.
Conclusions: Les données suggèrent que les adolescents fugueurs et sand domicile décrivent avec beaucoup de fiabilité leur situation familiale qu'ils décident de quitter. Les implications décisionnelles dans le débat actuel sur la cimrinalisation et le retour obligatoire des jeunes fugueurs et adolescents sans domicile fixe dans leur familles sont discutées.
Objetivo: Casi todo lo que se sabe de las familias de los adolescentes que se fugan y los que no tienen hogar está basado en auto-reportes de los mismos adolescentes. En la actualidad se está cuestionando la validez de este sistema de investigación. El propósito de este estudio era comparar los reportes de los adolescentes que se fugan y los sin hogar con los reportes de los padres/tutores en cuanto a medidas de crianza, violencia familiar y conducta del adolescente.
Método: Se compararon los reportes de 120 adolescentes que se fugaron y los de sus padres/tutores de cuatro estados del medio-oeste en las medidas de monitoreo parental, calidez parental y apoyo, rechazo parental, abuso físico y sexual, y conducta adolescente. Se utilizaron también grupos de control de adolescentes que no se habían fugado y sus madres en familias con ambos padres y en familias mono-parentales de la misma área geográfica para obtener datos sobre la crianza y la conducta adolescente.
Resultados: Los hallazgos indican que a pesar de que se encontraron diferencias significativas en las medias entre los adultos y los adolescentes sin importar su status de fuga, los reportes de los adultos y los adolescentes tenían la misma dirección y presentaban cuadros similares de las familias de los que se fugaron y los jóvenes sin hogar. Tanto los padres/tutores como sus adolescentes que se habían fugado reportaron altos niveles de violencia familiar y abuso sexual. Asi también, estaban de acuerdo en cuanto a los problemas de conducta de los adolescentes.
Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que los adolescentes que se fugan y los que no tienen hogar presentan con exactitud las situaciones problematizadas de la familia que deciden abandonar. Se discuten las implicaciones políticas relacionadas con debates recientes sobre la criminalización y la obligatoriedad de volver a la custodia parental de los jóvenes que se fugan y no tienen hogar.
Studied relationships among physical and sexual abuse in family of origin, participation in deviant subsistence strategies, and victimization in 108 runaway and homeless adolescents in four ...Midwestern states. Path analysis indicated that abusive family backgrounds directly affected adolescent victimization and indirectly increased likelihood of victimization by increasing amount of time at risk, deviant peer associations, and risk taking. (Author)
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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