Aromatic halogenated chemicals are an unregulated class of byproducts (DBPs) generated from disinfection processes in the water environment. Information on the toxicological interactions, such as ...antagonism and synergism, present in DBP mixtures remains limited. This study aimed to determine the toxicological effects of aromatic halogenated DBP mixtures on the freshwater bacterium Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67. The acute toxicities of seven DBPs and their binary mixtures toward V. qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 were determined through microplate toxicity analysis. The toxicities of single DBPs were ranked as follows: 2,5-dibromohydroquinone > 2,4-dibromophenol > 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol ≈ 2,6-dibromo-4-nitrophenol > 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol > 2-bromo-4-chlorophenol > 4-bromophenol. The percentages of synergism (experimental values higher than the predicted concentration addition) on the levels of 50%, 20%, and 10% effective concentrations reached 61%, 41%, and 31%, respectively. These results indicated that the probability of synergism decreased as concentration levels decreased. The synergetic effects of the compounds were dependent on concentration levels and concentration ratios. The proposed quantitative structure–activity relationship model can be used to predict the interactive toxicities exerted by 105 binary DBP mixture rays of 21 DBP mixture systems.
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•The binary mixtures of aromatic halogenated DBPs were tested.•Synergism and antagonism were presented in the DBPs mixtures.•The synergism was affected by concentration levels and concentration ratios.•2-Bromo-4-chlorophenol is one of the most components contributed to synergism.
After treated wastewater is discharged into surface water for unplanned indirect potable reuse, solar irradiation transforms the dissolved organic matter (DOM), which would alter the formation of ...disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and change the cytotoxicity formation potential (CtFP) during post–chlorination in drinking water treatment plants. This study investigated the effects of solar irradiation on the CtFP and total organic halogen formation potential (TOXFP) of wastewater during post–chlorination. Exposure to natural sunlight decreased the formation potential of cytotoxicity to Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. Under 24 h simulated solar irradiation, CtFP and TOXFP decreased by more than 40%. X–ray photoelectron spectra and Fourier transformation infrared spectra suggested solar irradiation destroyed the key DBP precursors containing phenolic hydroxyl moieties (Ph–OH). The destruction of Ph–OH under solar irradiation was reflected by a decrease in the electron donating capacity (EDC) of DOM and the post–chlorination decreased the EDC further. Increasing the irradiation–consumed EDC abated the chlorine–consumed EDC, while the chlorine–consumed EDC was positively correlated to the CtFP and TOXFP by means of the electrophilic substitution–aromatic ring cleavage. Solar irradiation thus reduced the CtFP and TOXFP in wastewater during post–chlorination. This study revealed that solar irradiation decreased the risks of treated wastewater for unplanned indirect potable reuse and provided a strategy of controlling CtFP and TOXFP via reducing EDC of DOM in pretreatments.
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•Solar irradiation reduces the CtFP of wastewater during post chlorination.•Solar irradiation destroyed the phenolic hydroxyl moieties of DOM in wastewater.•Solar irradiation reduces the chlorine–consumed EDC of DOM during post chlorination.•Chlorine–consumed EDC correlates to the formation potential of cytotoxicity and TOX.
All power production, refrigeration, and advanced electronic systems depend on efficient heat transfer mechanisms for achieving high power density and best system efficiency. Breakthrough advancement ...in boiling and quenching phase-change heat transfer processes by nanoscale surface texturing can lead to higher energy transfer efficiencies, substantial energy savings, and global reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. This paper reports breakthrough advancements on both fronts of boiling and quenching. The critical heat flux (CHF) in boiling and the Leidenfrost point temperature (LPT) in quenching are the bottlenecks to the heat transfer advancements. As compared to a conventional aluminum surface, the current research reports a substantial enhancement of the CHF by 112% and an increase of the LPT by 40 K using an aluminum surface with anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) nanoporous texture finish. These heat transfer enhancements imply that the power density would increase by more than 100% and the quenching efficiency would be raised by 33%. A theory that links the nucleation potential of the surface to heat transfer rates has been developed and it successfully explains the current finding by revealing that the heat transfer modification and enhancement are mainly attributed to the superhydrophilic surface property and excessive nanoscale nucleation sites created by the nanoporous surface.
•The actively heated FBG technology measures the moisture content of expansive soil.•The influence of cracks on measuring soil moisture content is investigated.•A modified function is proposed to ...eliminate the measurement error.•The root mean square error after modification is reduced to 0.030 m3·m−3.
Accurately moisture content measurement is crucial in addressing engineering problems of expansive soil with cracks. In this study, the actively heated fiber Bragg grating (AH-FBG) sensing technology was used to measure in-situ moisture contents of expansive soil. The impact of soil cracks on the measurements was investigated through a series of numerical simulations, and a modified function was proposed to eliminate measurement errors. The results show that the Cai model can accurately describe the relationship between the thermal conductivity and moisture content, and is thus utilized as the calibration model. Under the heating strategy, the influence range of the sensor is roughly 4 cm in the radial direction. Cracks within that range hinder heat transmission, leading to underestimation of moisture contents. The RMSE of the measurements after modification is reduced to 0.030 m3·m−3, which verifies that AH-FBG sensing technology can be extended to the reliable measurement of expansive soil moisture.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by malignant proliferation of myeloid hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. NPM1 represents the most frequently mutated gene in ...AML and approximately 30% of AML cases carry NPM1 mutations. Mutated NPM1 result in the cytoplasmic localization of NPM1 (NPM1c). NPM1c interacts with other proteins to block myeloid differentiation, promote cell proliferation and impair DNA damage repair. NPM1 is a good prognostic marker, but some patients ultimately relapse or fail to respond to therapy. It is urgent for us to find optimal therapies for NPM1-mutated AML. Efficacy of multiple drugs is under investigation in NPM1-mutated AML, and several clinical trials have been registered. In this review, we summarize the present knowledge of therapy and focus on the possible therapeutic interventions for NPM1-mutated AML.
Introduction
Zishui‐Qinggan decoction (ZQD) is a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula (TCMF) for alleviating menopausal symptoms (MPS) induced by endocrine therapy in breast cancer ...patients. In the production of TCMF modern preparations, ethanol precipitation (EP) is a commonly but not fully verified refining process.
Objectives
Chemical profiling/serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology approaches were integrated for exploring the rationality of the EP process in the production of ZQD modern preparations.
Material and methods
Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐QTOF‐MS/MS) was applied to identify the chemical profiles and absorbed components of ZQD. Network pharmacology was used to identify targets and pathways related to MPS‐relieving efficacy.
Results
The chemicals of ZQDs without/with EP process (referred to as ZQD‐W and ZQD‐W‐P, respectively) were qualitatively similar with 89 and 87 components identified, respectively, but their relative contents were different; 51 components were detectable in the serum of rats orally administered with ZQD‐W, whereas only 19 were detected in that administered with ZQD‐W‐P. Key targets, such as AKT1, and pathways, such as the PI3K‐Akt signalling pathway, affected by ZQD‐W and ZQD‐W‐P were similar, while the neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction pathway among others and the MAPK signalling pathway among others were specific pathways affected by ZQD‐W and ZQD‐W‐P, respectively. The specifically absorbed components of ZQD‐W could combine its specific key targets.
Conclusion
The EP process quantitatively altered the chemical profiles of ZQD, subsequently affected the absorbed components of ZQD, and then affected the key targets and pathways of ZQD for relieving MPS. The EP process might result in variation of the MPS‐relieving efficacy of ZQD, which deserves further in vivo verification.
The ethanol precipitation process quantitatively altered the chemical profiles of ZQD, subsequently affected the absorbed components of ZQD, and then affected the key targets and pathways of ZQD for relieving MPS. The ethanol precipitation process might result in variation of MPS‐relieving efficacy of ZQD, which deserves further in vivo verification.
► NH3, SO2, H2S and COS are emitted during different sludge conditioning processes. ► H2S and SO2 generation increase in the acidic environment created by H2SO4. ► Fenton peroxidation facilitates the ...formation of COS. ► CaO can reduce sulfur-containing gases emission via generation of calcium sulfate. ► CaO leads to the conversion of free ammonia or protonated amine to volatile NH3.
Chemical conditioners are often used to enhance sewage sludge dewaterability through altering sludge properties and flocs structure, both affect odorous compounds emissions not only during sludge conditioning but also in subsequent sludge disposal. This study was to investigate emission characteristics of ammonia (NH3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbonyl sulfide (COS) generated from sewage sludge conditioned by three representative conditioners, i.e., organic polymers, iron salts and skeleton builders, F-S (Fenton's reagent and skeleton builders) composite conditioner. The results demonstrate that polyacrylamide (PAM) has an insignificant effect on emission characteristics of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing odorous compounds, because the properties, sulfur and nitrogen speciations are similar in PAM-conditioned sludge and raw sludge (RS). Significant increases of SO2 and H2S emissions in the H2SO4 conditioning process were observed due to the accelerated decomposition of sulfur-containing amino acids in acidic environment. Fenton peroxidation facilitates the formation of COS. CaO can reduce sulfur-containing gases emission via generation of calcium sulfate. However, under strong alkaline conditions, free ammonia or protonated amine in sludge can be easily converted to volatile ammonia, resulting in a significant release of NH3.
This paper describes a generalized tweakable blockcipher HPH (Hash-Permutation-Hash), which is based on a public random permutation
P
and a family of almost-XOR-universal hash functions
H
=
HK
K
∈
K
...as a tweak and key schedule, and defined as
y
=
HPH
K
((
t
1
, t
2
)
, x
) =
P
(
x
⊕
H
K
(
t
1
)) ⊕
H
K
(
t
2
), where
K
is a key randomly chosen from a key space
K
, (
t
1
, t
2
) is a tweak chosen from a valid tweak space
T
,
x
is a plaintext, and
y
is a ciphertext. We prove that HPH is a secure strong tweakable pseudorandom permutation (STPRP) by using H-coefficients technique. Then we focus on the security of HPH against multi-key and related-key attacks. We prove that HPH achieves both multi-key STPRP security and related-key STPRP security. HPH can be extended to wide applications. It can be directly applied to authentication and authenticated encryption modes. We apply HPH to PMAC1 and OPP, provide an improved authentication mode HPMAC and a new authenticated encryption mode OPH, and prove that the two modes achieve single-key security, multi-key security, and related-key security.
In comparison to previous reviews, the present review article provides a comprehensive survey of Ritter reactions from 2014 to 2020, mainly aiming to discuss diverse Ritter reactions and their widely ...synthetic applications. Notably, the oxidative Ritter-type reactions are presented for the first time, and tandem Ritter reactions and asymmetric Ritter reactions are also highlighted. Furthermore, the systematic summary of the application of Ritter reactions in the total synthesis of natural products and the preparation of drugs, bioactive compounds, and functional molecules is introduced.
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