Abstract
Background
The triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index) has been regarded as a reliable alternative marker of insulin resistance and an independent predictor of cardiovascular outcomes. ...Whether the TyG index predicts adverse cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of the TyG index in patients with diabetes and ACS.
Methods
A total of 2531 consecutive patients with diabetes who underwent coronary angiography for ACS were enrolled in this study. Patients were divided into tertiles according to their TyG index. The primary outcomes included the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), defined as all-cause death, non-fatal myocardial infarction and non-fatal stroke. The TyG index was calculated as the ln (fasting triglyceride level mg/dL × fasting glucose level mg/dL/2).
Results
The incidence of MACE increased with TyG index tertiles at a 3-year follow-up. The Kaplan–Meier curves showed significant differences in event-free survival rates among TyG index tertiles (P = 0.005). Multivariate Cox hazards regression analysis revealed that the TyG index was an independent predictor of MACE (95% CI 1.201–1.746; P < 0.001). The optimal TyG index cut-off for predicting MACE was 9.323 (sensitivity 46.0%; specificity 63.6%; area under the curve 0.560; P = 0.001). Furthermore, adding the TyG index to the prognostic model for MACE improved the C-statistic value (P = 0.010), the integrated discrimination improvement value (P = 0.001) and the net reclassification improvement value (P = 0.019).
Conclusions
The TyG index predicts future MACE in patients with diabetes and ACS independently of known cardiovascular risk factors, suggesting that the TyG index may be a useful marker for risk stratification and prognosis in patients with diabetes and ACS.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the predominant components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and influence cancer hallmarks, but without systematic investigation on their ubiquitous ...characteristics across different cancer types. Here, we perform pan-cancer analysis on 226 samples across 10 solid cancer types to profile the TME at single-cell resolution, illustrating the commonalities/plasticity of heterogenous CAFs. Activation trajectory of the major CAF types is divided into three states, exhibiting distinct interactions with other cell components, and relating to prognosis of immunotherapy. Moreover, minor CAF components represent the alternative origin from other TME components (e.g., endothelia and macrophages). Particularly, the ubiquitous presentation of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition CAF, which may interact with proximal SPP1
tumor-associated macrophages, is implicated in endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and survival stratifications. Our study comprehensively profiles the shared characteristics and dynamics of CAFs, and highlight their heterogeneity and plasticity across different cancer types. Browser of integrated pan-cancer single-cell information is available at https://gist-fgl.github.io/sc-caf-atlas/ .
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•Chemical, physical, biological and magnetic harvesting methods are summarized.•Charge neutralisation, patching, bridging and swapping mechanisms are analyzed.•Application of magnetic ...nanomaterials can realize the microalgae harvesting.•The microalgae production can be combined with environmental pollution control.
Biodiesel is one of the best promising candidates in response to the energy crisis, since it has the capability to minimize most of the environmental problems. Microalgae, as the feedstock of third-generation biodiesel, are considered as one of the most sustainable resources. However, microalgae production for biodiesel feedstock on a large scale is still limited, because of the influences of lipid contents, biomass productivities, lipid extraction technologies, the water used in microalgae cultivation and processes of biomass harvesting. This paper firstly reviews the recent advances in microalgae cultivation and growth processes. Subsequently, current microalgae harvesting technologies are summarized and flocculation mechanisms are analyzed, while the characteristics that the ideal harvesting methods should have are summarized. This review also summarizes the environmental pollution control performances and the key challenges in future. The key suggestions and conclusions in the paper can offer a promising roadmap for the cost-effective biodiesel production.
Diabetic wound is one of the most intractable chronic wounds that is prone to bacterial infection. Hypoxia is an important feature in its microenvironment. However, it is challenging for ...antimicrobial therapy to directly apply the existing hypoxia-responsive drug delivery systems due to the active targeting deficiency and the biofilm obstacle. Herein, we customizes a hypoxia-responsive carrier, lactose-modified azocalix4arene (LacAC4A) with the ability to actively target and inhibit biofilm. By loading ciprofloxacin (Cip), the resultant supramolecular nanoformulation Cip@LacAC4A demonstrates enhanced antibacterial efficacy resulting from both the increased drug accumulation and the controlled release at the site of infection. When applied on diabetic wounds together with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in vivo, Cip@LacAC4A induces definitely less inflammatory infiltration than free Cip, which translates into high wound healing performance. Importantly, such design principle provides a direction for developing antimicrobial drug delivery systems.
Macrocyclic delivery and therapeutics are two significant topics in supramolecular biomedicine. The functional integration of these topics would open new avenues for treating diseases ...synergistically. However, these two individual topics have only been occasionally merged, probably because of the lack of functionalized design of macrocyclic host and the lack of efficient recognition between host and guest drugs. Herein, a “drug‐in‐drug” strategy is proposed, in which an active drug is encapsulated by a macrocycle possessing therapeutic activity to form a multifunctional supramolecular active pharmaceutical ingredient. As a proof‐of‐concept, a complex of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) with sulfonated azocalix4arene (HCQ@SAC4A) is prepared to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a combined fashion. SAC4A is a therapeutic agent that exhibits scavenging capacity for reactive oxygen species and exerts an anti‐inflammatory effect. It is also a hypoxia‐responsive carrier that can deliver HCQ directly to the inflammatory articular cavity. Consequently, HCQ@SAC4A achieves the synergistic anti‐inflammatory effect on both inflamed RAW 264.7 cells and RA rats. This effect is attributed to the temporal and spatial consistency of the two active ingredients of the complex. As a new paradigm for combinational therapy, the drug‐in‐drug strategy advances in easy preparation, mix‐and‐match combination, and precise ratiometric control.
Macrocyclic delivery and therapeutics are two hotspots in supramolecular biomedicine that have only been occasionally merged. In this work, a “drug‐in‐drug” strategy is proposed, in which an active drug is encapsulated by a therapeutically active macrocycle, forming a multifunctional supramolecular active ingredient. This drug‐in‐drug formulation achieves the advantages of macrocycles acting as both carriers and therapeutic agents to realize combinational therapy.
NAD kinases (NADKs) are the only known enzymes that directly phosphorylate NAD(H) to generate NADP(H) in different subcellular compartments. They participate in multiple life activities, such as ...modulating the NADP/NAD ratio, maintaining the intracellular redox balance and responding to environmental stresses. However, the functions of individual NADK in plants are still under investigation. Here, a rice NADK, namely, OsNADK1, was identified, and its functions in plant growth regulation and stress tolerance were analysed by employing a series of transgenic plant lines.
OsNADK1 is a cytosol-localized NADK in rice. It was expressed in all rice tissues examined, and its transcriptional expression could be stimulated by a number of environmental stress treatments. Compared with wild-type (WT) rice, the mutant plant osnadk1 in which OsNADK1 was knocked out was a dwarf at the heading stage and had decreased NADP(H)/NAD(H), ascorbic acid (ASA)/dehydroascorbate (DHA) and reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) ratios, which led to increased oxidation states in the rice cells and sensitivity to drought. Moreover, certain stress-related genes showed differential expression patterns in osnadk1 under both normal growth and drought-stress conditions compared with WT. Among these genes, OsDREB1B and several WRKY family transcription factors, e.g., OsWRKY21 and OsWRKY42, showed correlated co-expression patterns with OsNADK1 in osnadk1 and the plants overexpressing or underexpressing OsNADK1, implying roles for these transcription factors in OsNADK1-mediated processes. In addition, overexpression of OsNADK1 enhanced the drought tolerance of rice plants, whereas loss of function of the gene reduced the tolerance. Furthermore, the proline content was dramatically increased in the leaves of the OsNADK1-overexpressing lines under drought conditions.
Altogether, the results suggest that an OsNADK1-mediated intracellular redox balance is involved in the tolerance of rice plants to drought.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Although lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are one of the most promising energy storage devices owing to their high energy densities, the sluggish reaction kinetics and severe shuttle effect of the ...sulfur cathodes hinder their practical applications. Here, single atom zinc implanted MXene is introduced into a sulfur cathode, which can not only catalyze the conversion reactions of polysulfides by decreasing the energy barriers from Li2S4 to Li2S2/Li2S but also achieve strong interaction with polysulfides due to the high electronegativity of atomic zinc on MXene. Moreover, it is found that the homogenously dispersed zinc atoms can also accelerate the nucleation of Li2S2/Li2S on MXene layers during the redox reactions. As a result, the sulfur cathode with single atom zinc implanted MXene exhibits a high reversible capacity of 1136 mAh g−1. After electrode optimization, a high areal capacity of 5.3 mAh cm−2, high rate capability of 640 mAh g−1 at 6 C, and good cycle stability (80% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 4 C) can be achieved.
Single zinc atom implanted on MXene (Ti3C2Clx) layers not only possesses efficient electrocatalytic activity for polysulfides but also has a strong interaction with polysulfides owing to the high electronegativity of zinc atoms on MXene, greatly facilitating the nucleation and deposition of Li2S2/Li2S on MXene layers. Thus, a stable sulfur cathode with high areal capacity and high rate capabilities is achieved.
We present a detection of 89 candidates of ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) in a 4.9 degree2 field centered on the Hickson Compact Group 95 (HCG 95) using deep g- and r-band images taken with the ...Chinese Near Object Survey Telescope. This field contains one rich galaxy cluster (Abell 2588 at z = 0.199) and two poor clusters (Pegasus I at z = 0.013 and Pegasus II at z = 0.040). The 89 candidates are likely associated with the two poor clusters, giving about 50-60 true UDGs with a half-light radius and a central surface brightness mag arcsec−2. Deep -band images are available for 84 of the 89 galaxies from the Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey (DECaLS), confirming that these galaxies have an extremely low central surface brightness. Moreover, our UDG candidates are spread over a wide range in g − r color, and ∼26% are as blue as normal star-forming galaxies, which is suggestive of young UDGs that are still in formation. Interestingly, we find that one UDG linked with HCG 95 is a gas-rich galaxy with H i mass M detected by the Very Large Array, and has a stellar mass of M . This indicates that UDGs at least partially overlap with the population of nearly dark galaxies found in deep H i surveys. Our results show that the high abundance of blue UDGs in the HCG 95 field is favored by the environment of poor galaxy clusters residing in H i-rich large-scale structures.
Abstract
Differential sensing, which discriminates analytes via pattern recognition by sensor arrays, plays an important role in our understanding of many chemical and biological systems. However, it ...remains challenging to develop new methods to build a sensor unit library without incurring a high workload of synthesis. Herein, we propose a supramolecular approach to construct a sensor unit library by taking full advantage of recognition and assembly. Ten sensor arrays are developed by replacing the building block combinations, adjusting the ratio between system components, and changing the environment. Using proteins as model analytes, we examine the discriminative abilities of these supramolecular sensor arrays. Then the practical applicability for discriminating complex analytes is further demonstrated using honey as an example. This sensor array construction strategy is simple, tunable, and capable of developing many sensor units with as few syntheses as possible.
The development of microwave-tube simulator suite (MTSS) is reported. MTSS is an integrated full-featured software package for microwave-tube analysis and design. It includes a friendly ...user-interface module and three physics simulators. Microwave-tube design environment is the user-interface module, which provides a powerful solid-modeling front end and graphical and computational postprocessing functionality. Electron optics simulator (EOS) is a fully 3-D finite-element design tool for microwave-tube electron guns and collectors. An EOS is used to design gridded guns, multibeam guns, and anisotropic collectors. A high-frequency circuit simulator is an advanced 3-D electromagnetic (EM) simulation tool for RF components, which has two solution methods based on a finite-integration technique and a finite-element method. Beam-wave interaction simulator (BWIS) is a design tool for electron beam and EM-wave interaction in microwave tubes. The 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D multifrequency nonlinear beam-wave interactions for helix traveling-wave tubes have been implemented in BWIS. The architecture, features, theory, and design of MTSS are presented.
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