Filamentous fungi are important cell factories for the production of high-value enzymes and chemicals for the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Under submerged fermentation, filamentous ...fungi exhibit diverse fungal morphologies that are influenced by environmental factors, which in turn affect the rheological properties and mass transfer of the fermentation system, and ultimately the synthesis of products. In this review, we first summarize the mechanisms of mycelial morphogenesis and then provide an overview of current developments in methods and strategies for morphological regulation, including physicochemical and metabolic engineering approaches. We also anticipate that rapid developments in synthetic biology and genetic manipulation tools will accelerate morphological engineering in the future. KCI Citation Count: 0
Filamentous fungi are important cell factories for the production of high-value enzymes and chemicals for the food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Under submerged fermentation, filamentous ...fungi exhibit diverse fungal morphologies that are influenced by environmental factors, which in turn affect the rheological properties and mass transfer of the fermentation system, and ultimately the synthesis of products. In this review, we first summarize the mechanisms of mycelial morphogenesis and then provide an overview of current developments in methods and strategies for morphological regulation, including physicochemical and metabolic engineering approaches. We also anticipate that rapid developments in synthetic biology and genetic manipulation tools will accelerate morphological engineering in the future.
is a herbal plant commonly used in the treatment of osteoporosis and bone nonunion with traditional Chinese medicine.
alcohol is a major component extracted from
, which has been proved to be able to ...exert a variety of pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammation, antipyresis, anti-rheumatism, diuresis and anti-osteoporosis. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 4 weeks were used in the experiment. All primary rat osteoblasts were cultured and amplified for further experiments. The osteoblasts were divided into six groups (5 rats in each group): the culture medium control group, the 25 µg/ml achyranthol group, the 50 µg/ml achyranthol group, the 100 µg/ml achyranthol group, 200 µg/ml achyranthol group, and the 25 µM PD98059+200 µg/ml achyranthol group. In this study, the effect of
alcohol on the proliferation of osteoblasts was detected via methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The effect of
alcohol on the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in osteoblasts was analyzed via ALP assay. The effect of
alcohol on the expression of osteoblast marker gene, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), was detected via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry. Moreover, the phosphorylation or activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in osteoblasts induced by
alcohol was analyzed using western blotting.
alcohol increased cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, increased the micro ribonucleic acid (miRNA) level in Runx2, enhanced the ALP activity in osteoblasts, and stimulated the activation of ERK (P<0.05). The expression of Runx2 with the inhibitor PD98059 was decreased significantly compared with that in the
alcohol group (P<0.01). Immunohistochemical results manifested that the percentage of Runx2 positive cells in treated tissues was obviously higher than that in untreated tissues (P<0.01). Therefore,
alcohol promotes the proliferation capacity of osteoblasts in a dose-dependent manner, enhances the expression of miRNA in Runx2, and stimulates the osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts through activating the ERK signal transduction pathway.
Herein, a one‐dimensional hollow nanofiber catalyst composed of tightly packed multiphase metal oxides of Mn2O3 and Cu1.4Mn1.6O4 was constructed by electrospinning and tailored thermal treatment ...procedure. The characterization results comprehensively confirmed the special morphology and composition of various comparative catalysts. This strategy endowed the catalyst with abundant interfacial characteristics of components Mn2O3 and Cu1.4Mn1.6O4 nanocrystal. Impressively, the tuning thermal treatment resulted in tailored CuI sites and surface oxygen species of the catalyst, thus affording optimized oxygen vacancies for reinforced oxygen adsorption, while the concomitant enhanced lattice oxygen activity in the constructed composite catalyst ensured the higher catalytic oxidation ability. More importantly, the regulated proportion of oxygen vacancy and lattice oxygen in the composite catalyst was obtained in the best catalyst, beneficial to accelerate the reaction cycle. Compared to other counterparts obtained by different temperatures, the CMO‐500 sample exhibited superior selective aerobic 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) oxidation to 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA, 96 % yield) in alkali‐bearing aqueous solution using O2 at 120 °C, which resulted from the above‐mentioned composition optimization and interfacial engineering reinforced surface oxygen consumption and regeneration cycle. The reaction mechanism was further proposed to uncover the lattice oxygen and oxygen vacancy participating HMF conversion process.
Spinning around: A one‐dimensional hollow nanofiber catalyst composed of tightly packed multiphase metal oxides of Mn2O3 and Cu1.4Mn1.6O4 is constructed by electrospinning and tailored thermal treatment procedure. The catalyst exhibits selective aerobic 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural oxidation to 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (96 % yield) in alkali‐bearing aqueous solution using O2 at 120 °C.
Objective
Whether periodontitis increases the risk of diabetic microangiopathy remains controversial. The present meta‐analysis aims to investigate the relationship between periodontitis and diabetic ...microangiopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods
PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, CNKI, and WanFang data were searched without language restrictions. The methodological quality of the studies included was assessed using Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale method, and meta‐analysis was performed by Review Manager 5.3. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to assess the risk of periodontitis for diabetic microangiopathy among patients with type 2 diabetes.
Results
Thirteen cross‐sectional studies, covering 10 570 participants, were included in the present meta‐analysis. The results demonstrated that periodontitis was associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetic microangiopathy (OR: 2.43, 95% CI: 1.65–3.56), diabetic retinopathy (OR: 4.33, 95% CI: 2.19–8.55), and diabetic nephropathy (OR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.07–2.85), while periodontitis was not associated with diabetic neuropathy (OR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.19–5.12). Subgroup analysis among the studies in Asian (OR: 3.06, 95% CI: 1.94–4.84) and North American (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.08–1.86) populations confirmed the existed association between periodontitis and type 2 diabetic microangiopathy. The relationship still existed in groups with sample size larger than 500 (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.34–2.34) and smaller than 500 (OR: 3.33, 95% CI: 1.38–8.03). A sensitivity analysis confirmed the stability of the results by excluding moderate quality studies or removing articles one after the other.
Conclusion
Current evidences have proved that periodontitis is associated with increased risk of diabetic microangiopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This conclusion may provide useful evidence for correlated clinical researches.
PROSPERO registration number CRD42021247773.
Aims
The aim of this study was to report the incidence, prevalence, and disability‐adjusted life‐years (DALYs) of periodontal diseases during the period 1990–2019.
Methods
Data on periodontal ...diseases were retrieved from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors study (GBD) 2019. The estimated annual percentage changes were calculated to evaluate the changing trend of age‐standardized incidence, prevalence, and DALY rates related to periodontal diseases.
Results
Globally, there were 1,087,367,744.0 cases with 91,518,820.6 new incidence and 7,090,390.3 DALYs of periodontal diseases in 2019, almost twice as many as in 1990. Moreover, the pace of increase in age‐standardized incidence, age‐standardized prevalence, and age‐standardized DALY rates had accelerated during the 1990–2019 time period, with EAPC of 0.29 (95% CI, 0.22 to 0.35), 0.34 (95% CI, 0.26 to 0.43), and 0.35 (95% CI, 0.27 to 0.44) separately. The corresponding age‐standardized percentage changes were more pronounced in females, Southeast Asia, and low‐middle SDI regions. Western Sub‐Saharan Africa was the high‐risk area of standardized periodontal diseases burden in 2019, among which Gambia was the country with the heaviest burden.
Conclusion
The globally incidence, prevalence, and DALYs of periodontal diseases are substantially increased from 1990 to 2019, which highlights the importance and urgency of periodontal care.
Bacterial‐based delivery strategies have recently emerged as a unique research direction in the field of drug delivery. However, bacterial vectors are quickly phagocytosed by immune cells after ...entering the bloodstream. Taking advantage of this phenomenon, herein, this work seeks to harness the potential of immune cells to delivery micron‐sized bacterial vectors, and find that inactivated bacterial can accumulate at tumor‐site after intravenous injection through CD11b+ cells hitchhiking. To this end, this work then designs a gold‐platinum bimetallic nanozyme coated bacterial vector (Au‐Pt@VNP20009, APV). Utilizing strong tumor inflammatory response induced by low dose X‐rays, this work further heightens the ability of CD11b+ immune cells to assist APV hitchhiking for tumor‐targeted delivery, which can significantly relieve tumor hypoxia and immunosuppression, and inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. This work elucidates the potential mechanisms of bacterial vector targeted delivery, opening up new horizons for bacterial vector delivery strategies and clinical tumor radioimmunotherapy.
This work firstly designs a nanozyme‐coated bacterial vector, Au‐Pt@VNP20009 (APV). By utilizing tumor inflammatory response induced by X‐ray, this work then effectively heightens the efficiency of CD11b+ cells for the tumor‐targeting delivery of APV, which can capably regulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) and strengthen the efficacy of radioimmunotherapy.
Thyroid disease is a prominent endocrine disorder, yet the clinical epidemiology of this condition remains unclear. This study aims to describe the recent trends in the prevalence of thyroid disease ...in US adults from 1999-2018.
This cross-sectional study used nationally representative data collected through the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2018. Patients with thyroid disease were defined as patients who reported having a thyroid disease and were on thyroid-related treatment. Age-standardized prevalence of thyroid disease was calculated within 4-year survey periods (1999-2002, 2003-2006, 2007-2010, 2011-2014, and 2015-2018).
During the NHANES 1999-2018, a total of 57 540 participants were examined. The age-standardized prevalence of thyroid disease was 5.05% (95% CI, 4.55%-5.60%) from 2015-2018, signifying a significant increase from the 1999-2002 period (P <.0002). However, prevalent thyroid disease remained steady between 2003 and 2014. The highest prevalence of thyroid disease was observed in non-Hispanic Whites (8.1%; 95% CI, 7.3%-9.0%), individuals aged ≥60 years (15.4%; 95% CI, 13.3%-17.8%), and tended to be higher in women (7.6%; 95% CI, 6.8%-8.5%). Multiple regression analysis revealed that age, women sex, non-Hispanic White and Mexican American, body mass index, higher education and incomes were independently associated with increased risks of thyroid disease.
The age-standardized prevalence of thyroid disease among US adults increased from 1999-2003, remained stable between 2003 and 2014, and then saw an increase from 2014-2018, with the highest rate observed among elders, women, and non-Hispanic Whites.
Insulin secreted by pancreatic β cells is essential for maintaining blood glucose levels. Diabetes is caused primarily by a loss of β cells or impairment of β-cell function. A previous ...whole-transcriptome analysis of islets from a type 2 diabetes group and a control group showed that a splicing disorder occurred in approximately 25% of splicing events. Breast carcinoma amplified sequence 2 (BCAS2) is a spliceosome component whose function in islet β cells is unclear. Here, we report that knockdown of Bcas2 decreased glucose- and KCl-stimulated insulin secretion in the NIT-1 cell line. Pancreas weight, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity were measured in normal chow-fed Bcas2 f/f-βKO mice, and β-cell mass and islet size were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Glucose intolerance developed in Bcas2 f/f-βKO mice, but there were no significant differences in pancreas weight, insulin sensitivity, β-cell mass, or islet size. Furthermore, observation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and insulin secretion granules in normal chow-fed mice revealed that the insulin level in serum and the number of insulin secretion granules were decreased in Bcas2 f/f-βKO mice. These differences were related to abnormal splicing of Syt7 and Tcf7l2 pre-mRNA. Taken together, these results demonstrate that BCAS2 is involved in alternative splicing during insulin synthesis and secretion.
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