► The lettuce plants were hydroponically cultured under RB LED, RBW LED, and a fluorescent lamp. ► Better growth, development, nutrition, appearance, and edible quality of the plants grown under RBW ...lights. ► The nitrate content in plants treated with RBW LED was significantly lower compared to RB LED. ► The sugar content of lettuce leaves under RBW lights showed significantly higher compared to RB lights. ► The chl, car, and protein contents of leaves showed no significant differences among treatments.
Previous studies demonstrated that the combination of red (R) and blue (B) LED light was an effective light source for plant growth and development, and the light spectra, intensities, and durations can easily be controlled by growers in artificial growing environments. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the influences of three different qualities of light on plant biomass and accumulation of chlorophylls (chl), carotenoids (car), soluble proteins and sugars, and nitrates in the leaves of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata). The marketable sensory characteristics (crispness, sweetness, shape, and color) of fresh plants were also evaluated. Plants were hydroponically cultured with a 16-h photoperiod at 24/20°C (day/night), 75% relative humidity, 900μmolmol−1 CO2 level, and 210μmolm−2s−1 photon flux density under RB LED, RB and white (RBW) LED, and a fluorescent lamp (FL, as a control) inside growth chambers for 20 days (15 days after sowing). The shoot and root fresh and dry weights as well as the crispness, sweetness, and shape of the plants treated with RBW and FL were higher than those of plants treated with RB. The soluble sugar and nitrate contents in plants grown under RBW treatment were significantly higher and lower, respectively, compared to those under RB treatment. However, the chl, car, and soluble protein contents of lettuce leaves showed no significant differences among treatments. These results demonstrate that supplemental light quality can be strategically used to enhance the nutritional value and growth of lettuce plants grown under RBW LED lights. Precise management of the irradiance and wavelength may hold promise in maximizing the economic efficiency of plant production, quality, and nutrition potential of vegetables grown in controlled environments.
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) are two important leading causes of acquired blindness in developed countries. As accumulation of advanced glycation end products ...(AGEs) in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells plays an important role in both DR and AMD, and the methylglyoxal (MGO) within the AGEs exerts irreversible effects on protein structure and function, it is crucial to understand the underlying mechanism of MGO‐induced RPE cell death. Using ARPE‐19 as the cell model, this study revealed that MGO induces RPE cell death through a caspase‐independent manner, which relying on reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss, intracellular calcium elevation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Suppression of ROS generation can reverse the MGO‐induced ROS production, MMP loss, intracellular calcium increase and cell death. Moreover, store‐operated calcium channel inhibitors MRS1845 and YM‐58483, but not the inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3) receptor inhibitor xestospongin C, can block MGO‐induced ROS production, MMP loss and sustained intracellular calcium increase in ARPE‐19 cells. Lastly, inhibition of ER stress by salubrinal and 4‐PBA can reduce the MGO‐induced intracellular events and cell death. Therefore, our data indicate that MGO can decrease RPE cell viability, resulting from the ER stress‐dependent intracellular ROS production, MMP loss and increased intracellular calcium increase. As MGO is one of the components of drusen in AMD and is the AGEs adduct in DR, this study could provide a valuable insight into the molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention of AMD and DR.
Trifluoromethyl‐bearing 5‐membered rings are prevalent in bioactive molecules, but modular approaches to these compounds by functionalization of robust C(sp3)−H bonds in a direct and selective manner ...are extremely challenging. Herein we report the rhodium‐catalyzed α‐CF3‐α‐alkyl carbene insertion into C(sp3)−H bonds of a broad range of substrates to access 7 types of CF3‐bearing saturated 5‐membered carbo‐ and heterocycles. The reaction is particularly effective for benzylic C−H insertion exerting good site‐, diastereo‐ and enantiocontrol, and applicable to the synthesis of chiral CF3 analogues of bioactive molecules. Ruthenium α‐CF3‐α‐alkyl carbene complexes underwent stoichiometric reactions to give C−H insertion products, lending evidence for the involvement of metal α‐CF3‐α‐alkyl carbene species in the catalytic cycle. DFT calculations revealed that the π⋅⋅⋅π attraction and intra‐carbene C−H⋅⋅⋅F hydrogen bond elucidate the origin of selectivity of the benzylic C−H insertion reactions.
A modular approach to access CF3‐bearing 5‐membered carbo‐ and heterocycles via catalytic C (sp3)−H insertion is demonstrated. In the case of carbocycles, an asymmetric benzylic C−H insertion process allowed to reach high regio‐, diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities. This protocol can be applied to the synthesis of chiral CF3 analogues of medicinal agents and natural products. The origin of selectivity was investigated by DFT calculations.
Copper(I) alkynyl complexes have attracted tremendous attention in structural studies, as luminescent materials, and in catalysis, and homoleptic complexes have been reported to form polymers or ...large clusters. Herein, six unprecedented structures of CuI alkynyl complexes and a procedure to measure the cone angles of alkynyl ligands based on the crystal structures of these complexes are reported. An increase of the alkynyl cone angle in the complexes leads to a modulation of the structures from polymeric ((PhC≡CC≡C)Cu)2(NH3)∞, to a large cluster (TripC≡CC≡C)Cu20(MeCN)4, to a relatively small cluster (TripC≡C)Cu8 (Trip=2,4,6‐iPr3‐C6H2). The complexes exhibit yellow‐to‐red phosphorescence at ambient temperature in the solid state and the luminescence behavior of the Cu20 cluster is sensitive to acetonitrile.
Knowing all the angles: By varying the steric bulk of alkynyl ligands, a CuI alkynyl polymer (Cu∞) and clusters with various nuclearities (Cu4n, n=2–5) were formed and structurally characterized. Based on the crystal structures, a method to measure the cone angle of alkynyl ligands for evaluating their steric properties was proposed. The nuclearity of the complex was found to increase with decreasing alkynyl ligand cone angle.
Antiviral therapy for patients with non-cirrhotic chronic hepatitis B and minimally raised alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is controversial. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of ...tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in reducing the risk of disease progression in this patient population.
TORCH-B is a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, randomised trial done at six teaching hospitals in Taiwan that enrolled patients with chronic hepatitis B. Eligible patients were aged 25–70 years and had substantial viraemia (viral DNA >2000 IU/mL) and minimally raised serum ALT concentrations more than one-fold but less than two-fold the upper limit of normal (ULN). Exclusion criteria included liver cirrhosis and previous antiviral treatment. Eligible participants were randomly assigned (1:1), stratified by site with a fixed block size of ten, to receive either 300 mg of oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or placebo once daily for 3 years. The participants, investigators, research coordinators, pathologists, laboratory personnel, and staff involved in patient care or assessment were masked to treatment assignment. 0·5 mg/day of oral entecavir was added to rescue acute hepatitis flare. The coprimary outcomes were change in necroinflammation severity on the Knodell scale and change in fibrosis stage on the Ishak scale and were evaluated in the modified intention-to-treat population, which comprised all patients with paired liver biopsies. Safety was evaluated in all patients who were randomly assigned. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01522625, and is completed.
From Jan 30, 2012, to Nov 10, 2015, 875 patients were screened and 160 were randomly assigned to receive either tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (n=79) or placebo (n=81). The coprimary outcomes were assessed in 146 patients (73 in each group). Liver fibrosis progressed (an increase of ≥1 stage) in 19 (26%, 95% CI 17–38) of 73 patients in the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group and in 34 (47%, 35–59) of 73 patients in the placebo group (relative risk RR 0·56, 95% CI 0·35–0·88; p=0·013), whereas necroinflammation progressed (an increase of ≥2 points) in five (7%, 95% CI 2–15) patients in the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group and in 12 (16%, 9–27) patients in the placebo group (RR 0·42, 95% CI 0·15–1·12; p=0·084). Two (3%) of 79 patients in the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate group and 13 (16%) of 81 patients in the placebo group had acute hepatitis flare requiring add-on entecavir (RR 0·16, 95% CI 0·04–0·68; p=0·013). The two groups were otherwise similar in occurrences of adverse events. No patients died.
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate reduces the risk of progression in liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B and minimally raised ALT, but its effect on necroinflammation is non-significant.
The Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology, E-Da Hospital, the Taipei Institute of Pathology, Gilead Sciences.
Recurrent obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB) in patients with chronic kidney disease is a challenge often faced by physicians, given the need for repeated hospitalizations, multiple extensive ...examinations, limited treatment options, and high medical costs. The purpose of this study was to identify the clinical characteristics of uremic patients undergoing deep enteroscopy for OGIB and analyze the risk factors for rebleeding in these patients after undergoing single-balloon enteroscopy (SBE).
Out of 765 patients with OGIB who underwent 1004 procedures of SBE in four teaching hospitals, 78 uremic patients with OGIB were enrolled. Clinical characteristics and endoscopic findings were collected, and multiple variables were analyzed to determine the risk of rebleeding after SBE.
The diagnostic yield was 75.6%, and the rebleeding rate was 29.5% in the enrolled uremic patients. The most common etiology was angiodysplasia (74.6%) and the most common site was the jejunum (50.8%). The endoscopic intervention rate was 62.8% and most patients were treated with argon plasma coagulation (75.6%). Among the eight patients with valvular heart disease (VHD), four (50%) had severe aortic stenosis, and the remaining had non-aortic stenosis-VHD. VHD (p < 0.05) and angiodysplasia (p < 0.05) were both associated with a higher rebleeding rate.
VHD may be an independent risk factor associated with rebleeding after SBE in uremic patients with OGIB. Moreover, uremic patients with angiodysplasia-related bleeding appear to have a higher rebleeding rate than those with alternative causes of bleeding.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Reliable methods for enantioselective cis‐dihydroxylation of trisubstituted alkenes are scarce. The iron(II) complex cis‐α‐FeII(2‐Me2‐BQPN)(OTf)2, which bears a tetradentate N4 ligand ...(Me2‐BQPN=(R,R)‐N,N′‐dimethyl‐N,N′‐bis(2‐methylquinolin‐8‐yl)‐1,2‐diphenylethane‐1,2‐diamine), was prepared and characterized. With this complex as the catalyst, a broad range of trisubstituted electron‐deficient alkenes were efficiently oxidized to chiral cis‐diols in yields of up to 98 % and up to 99.9 % ee when using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as oxidant under mild conditions. Experimental studies (including 18O‐labeling, ESI‐MS, NMR, EPR, and UV/Vis analyses) and DFT calculations were performed to gain mechanistic insight, which suggested possible involvement of a chiral cis‐FeV(O)2 reaction intermediate as an active oxidant. This cis‐FeII(chiral N4 ligand)2+/H2O2 method could be a viable green alternative/complement to the existing OsO4‐based methods for asymmetric alkene dihydroxylation reactions.
Trisubstituted alkenes undergo Fe‐catalyzed asymmetric cis‐dihydroxylation (AD) with H2O2 to give cis‐diols in up to 98 % yield and with up to >99.9 % ee. This Fe catalyst/H2O2 AD method is applicable to a variety of trisubstituted alkenes bearing electron‐withdrawing substituents, such as ester and amide groups. Mechanistic studies by 18O‐labeling, UV/Vis spectroscopy, ESI‐MS, NMR spectroscopy, EPR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations were performed.
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) and squamous thyroid carcinoma (STC) are both rare and advanced thyroid malignancies with a very poor prognosis and an average median survival time of 5 months and ...less than 20% of affected patients are alive 1 year after diagnosis. The clinical management of both ATC and STC is very similar because they are not particularly responsive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This inspired us to explore a novel and effective clinically approved therapy for ATC treatment. Histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) drugs are recently FDA-approved drug for malignancies, especially for blood cell cancers. Therefore, we investigated whether an HDACi drug acts as an effective anticancer drug for advanced thyroid cancers. Cell viability analysis of panobinostat treatment demonstrated a significant IC50 of 0.075 µM on SW579 STC cells. In addition, panobinostat exposure activated histone acetylation and triggered cell death mainly through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis-related protein activation. Using CRISPR/Cas9 to knock out
and
genes in SW579 cells, we observed that the histone acetylation level and cell cycle arrest were enhanced without any impact on cell growth. Furthermore,
and
double knockout (KO) cells showed dramatic cell apoptosis activation compared to
and
individual KO cells. This suggests expressional and biofunctional compensation between HDAC1 and HDAC2 on SW579 cells. This study provides strong evidence that panobinostat can potentially be used in the clinic of advanced thyroid cancer patients.
The 7-coordinate complex Fe(qpy)(MeCN)2(ClO4)2 (1, qpy = 2,2′:6′,2″:6″,2′′′:6′′′,2′′′′-quinquepyridine) is a highly active nonheme iron catalyst for intra- and intermolecular amination of C(sp3)–H ...bonds. This complex effectively catalyzes the amination of limiting amounts of not only benzylic and allylic C(sp3)–H bonds of hydrocarbons but also the C(sp3)–H bonds of cyclic alkanes and cycloalkane/linear alkane moieties in sulfamate esters, such as those derived from menthane and steroids cholane and androstane, using PhINR or “PhI(OAc)2 + H2NR” R = Ts (p-toluenesulfonyl), Ns (p-nitrobenzenesulfonyl) as nitrogen source, with the amination products isolated in up to 93% yield. Iron imide/nitrene intermediates Fe(qpy)(NR)(X) n+ (C X , X = NR, solvent, or anion) are proposed in these amination reactions on the basis of experimental studies including ESI-MS analysis, crossover experiments, Hammett plots, and correlation with C–H bond dissociation energies and with support by DFT calculations. Species consistent with the formulations of Fe(qpy)(NTs)22+ (C NTs ) and Fe(qpy)(NTs)2+ (C) were detected by high-resolution ESI-MS analysis of the reaction mixture of 1 with PhINTs (4 equiv). DFT calculations revealed that the reaction barriers for H-atom abstraction of cyclohexane by the ground state of 7-coordinate C NTs and ground state of C are 15.3 and 14.2 kcal/mol, respectively, in line with the observed high activity of 1 in catalyzing the C–H amination of alkanes under mild conditions.
A variety of secondary benzylic amines were oxidized to imines in 90% to >99% yields by singlet oxygen generated from oxygen and a porphyrin photosensitizer. On the basis of these reactions, a ...protocol was developed for oxidative Ugi-type reactions with singlet oxygen as the oxidant. This protocol has been used to synthesize C1- and N-functionalized benzylic amines in up to 96% yields.
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