Stimuli‐responsive materials that can be reversibly switched by light are of immense interest. Among them, photo‐responsive spin crossover (SCO) complexes have great promises to combine the ...photoactive inputs with multifaceted outputs into switchable materials and devices. However, the reversible control the spin‐state change by photochromic guests is still challenging. Herein, we report an unprecedented guest‐driven light‐induced spin change (GD‐LISC) in a Hofmann‐type metal–organic framework (MOF), Fe(bpn){Ag(CN)2}2⋅azobenzene. (1, bpn=1,4‐bis(4‐pyridyl)naphthalene). The reversible trans–cis photoisomerization of azobenzene guest upon UV/Vis irradiation in the solid‐state results in the remarkable magnetic changes in a wide temperature range of 10–180 K. This finding not only establishes a new switching mechanism for SCO complexes, but also paves the way toward the development of new generation of photo‐responsive magnetic materials.
Guest‐driven light‐induced spin change (GD‐LISC) was firstly realized in a Hofmann‐type metal–organic framework with photochromic azobenzene guests.
2,3-Butanediol is a promising bulk chemical due to its extensive industry applications. The state-of-the-art nature of microbial 2,3-butanediol production is reviewed in this paper. Various ...strategies for efficient and economical microbial 2,3-butanediol production, including strain improvement, substrate alternation, and process development, are reviewed and compared with regard to their pros and cons. This review also summarizes value added derivatives of biologically produced 2,3-butanediol and different strategies for downstream processing. The future prospects of microbial 2,3-butanediol production are discussed in light of the current progress, challenges, and trends in this field. Guidelines for future studies are also proposed.
This article argues that advanced democracies face a dual crisis of rising inequality and population aging, which jointly put pressure on welfare regime sustainability. Particularly vulnerable are ...young people and the elderly in the context of these structural changes. As a result, young people and senior citizens in advanced democracies are increasingly focused on economic equality, which in turn undermines their support for democracy in its current form that prioritizes liberal economic policies. Survey data collected between 2010 and 2020 support the argument. Regardless of the political issues on which they differ, young and old appear to share similar views on what constitutes an ideal democracy.
Objectives/Hypothesis
The role of tumor‐associated tissue eosinophilia (TATE) in oral cavity cancer remains quite controversial. This study investigated the potential role of TATE in tongue squamous ...cell carcinoma (TSCC).
Study Design
Retrospective case series.
Methods
This study retrospectively enrolled 259 consecutive TSCC patients who underwent surgery between July 2004 and December 2015. Histopathological examinations for TATE in TSCC tumors were reviewed, and the association of TATE with different clinicopathological factors was evaluated. A nomogram was generated based on several major clinicopathological factors and TATE to improve the accuracy of prognostic prediction.
Results
Higher levels of TATE were significantly associated with male sex, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, higher pT classification, advanced disease stage, and tumor depth (P = .006, .003, .024, .041, .013 and .006, respectively). Our results indicated that extranodal extension, cell differentiation, and TATE were independent predictors of overall survival (P < .001, .004, and .032, respectively) and disease‐free survival (P < .001, .012, and .013, respectively). TATE levels significantly correlated with circulating eosinophils (r = 0.139, P = .040), and the c‐index of our nomogram foroverall survival was 0.786, which demonstrates better accuracy in prognosis prediction than the TNM stage only (c‐index = 0.738).
Conclusions
Higher levels of TATE were associated with several clinicopathological factors and poorer survival rates, and a nomogram incorporating TATE levels may strengthen the prediction accuracy of prognosis in TSCC patients.
Level of Evidence
4 Laryngoscope, 129:1123–1129, 2019
Objectives
Lymph node burden has been proposed to estimate the cumulative adverse effect of nodal metastasis. In this study, a meta‐analysis was conducted to evaluate the prognostic value of lymph ...node burden in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.
Study Designs
Systemic review and meta‐analysis.
Methods
PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library as well as manual searches were performed until April 2020. The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of overall survival, disease‐specific survival, and disease‐free survival were extracted and pooled.
Results
Eleven included studies were published between 2009 and 2019. The cumulative number of patients was 20,607 (range 35–14,554). Extranodal extension was adjusted or evaluated in all of the studies. The meta‐analysis indicated that a higher lymph node burden was significantly related to worse overall survival (HR 2.62, 95% CI 2.12–3.25), worse disease‐specific survival (HR 3.14, 95% CI 1.85–5.33) and worse disease‐free survival (HR 2.30, 95% CI 1.62–3.26). The highest hazard ratio was observed when the cutoff value was 3 for overall survival, 3 for disease‐specific survival, and 4 for disease‐free survival. The hazard ratio showed an upward trend before the cutoff value of 3 but no significant incremental change when the cutoff exceeded 3.
Conclusions
In oral squamous cell carcinoma, lymph node burden is an independent prognosticator for survival outcomes. However, more prospective or high‐quality studies are required to determine the optimal cutoff.
Level of Evidence
NA Laryngoscope, 132:88–95, 2022
Objective
There is no useful tool to clinically predict the occurrence of osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the mandible quantitatively. The aim was to investigate the risk factors, including different ...modalities of radiotherapy, for developing mandibular ORN in patients undergoing marginal mandibulectomy and postoperative radiotherapy.
Methods
Between January 2006 and December 2012, 167 subjects who underwent marginal mandibulectomy and postoperative radiotherapy with different modalities were enrolled. The association of ORN with mandibular bone measurements and patient variables was analyzed, and a nomogram was established.
Results
Fifteen (8.98%) of the 167 patients developed ORN during the follow‐up period, and ORN was significantly associated with diabetes mellitus (DM), body mass index (BMI), remaining bone height, remaining bone height to original bone height ratio, resected bone height to original bone height ratio, and mandibular dose (P: < 0.001, 0.004, 0.042, 0.018, 0.010, 0.020, respectively). Interestingly, the risk of ORN had no significant difference between conformal and intensity modulation radiation therapy (P = 0.407). Multivariate analysis revealed that DM and resected bone height to original bone height ratio ≥ 50% were independent risk factors for postoperative ORN. A nomogram consisting of BMI, DM, resected bone height to original bone height ratio, mandibulotomy, and mandibular dose for predicting the ORN‐free probability was established; and the c‐index of the nomogram for ORN status was 0.803.
Conclusion
A nomogram based on the risk factors was plotted to strengthen the prediction of ORN quantitatively. Surgeons should be more discrete regarding the treatment plan for patients with higher probability of ORN.
Level of Evidence
3b Laryngoscope, 130:101–107, 2020
Increasing evidence indicates that inflammation plays a crucial role in cancer development. A novel scoring system based on albumin and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was developed and ...incorporated into a nomogram to create a more accurate prognostic tool for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. A retrospective review was performed on 613 consecutive patients undergoing ablative surgery for OSCC between September 2005 and December 2014. NLR and albumin were determined and used to calculate an albumin/NLR score (ANS). The nomogram was based on the ANS and several clinicopathological manifestations, and its accuracy was determined by the concordance index (c-index). A high ANS was significantly associated with aggressive tumor behaviors, such as T status, overall stage, extranodal extension, perineural invasion, tumor depth, and decreased overall survival (OS). Multivariate analysis indicated that age, overall stage, extranodal extension, and ANS were independent factors for OS. The c-index for OS prognosis was 0.750 using this nomogram compared to 0.688 using TNM staging alone. The prognostic accuracy for OS in OSCC patients can be significantly improved using a nomogram that incorporates the novel ANS and other clinicopathological variables.
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a highly aggressive cancer and the fourth leading malignancy among males in Taiwan. Some pathogenic bacteria are associated with periodontitis and oral cancer. ...However, the comprehensive profile of the oral microbiome during the cancer's progression from the early stage to the late stage is still unclear. We profiled the oral microbiota and identified bacteria biomarkers associated with OSCC. The microbiota of an oral rinse from 51 healthy individuals and 197 OSCC patients at different stages were investigated using 16S rRNA V3V4 amplicon sequencing, followed by bioinformatics and statistical analyses. The oral microbiota communities from stage 4 patients showed significantly higher complexity than those from healthy controls. The populations also dynamically changed with the cancer's progression from stage 1 to stage 4. The predominant phyla in the oral samples showed variation in the relative abundance of
, and
. The abundance of
increased significantly with the progression of oral cancer from the healthy controls (2.98%) to OSCC stage 1 (4.35%) through stage 4 (7.92%). At the genus level, the abundance of
increased, while the number of
, and
decreased with cancer progression.
, and
were associated with OSCC, and they progressively increased in abundance from stage 1 to stage 4. The abundances of
, and
were inversely associated with OSCC progression. We selected a bacterial marker panel of three bacteria (upregulated
, down-regulated
, and
), which had an AUC of 0.956 (95% CI = 0.925-0.986) in discriminating OSCC stage 4 from the healthy controls. Furthermore, the functional prediction of oral bacterial communities showed that genes involved in carbohydrate-related metabolism, such as methane metabolism, and energy-metabolism-related parameters, such as oxidative phosphorylation and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, were enriched in late-stage OSCC, while those responsible for amino acid metabolism, such as folate biosynthesis and valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis, were significantly associated with the healthy controls. In conclusion, our results provided evidence of oral bacteria community changes during oral cancer progression and suggested the possibility of using bacteria as OSCC diagnostic markers.
A newly introduced pan-immune-inflammation value (PIV) was not evaluated for its role in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In this study, the PIV was calculated with the following equation ...(neutrophil count × platelet count × monocyte count)/lymphocyte count from the results of the automated hematology analyzers in 853 OSCC patients from 2005 to 2017. The optimal cutoff for the preoperative PIV was 268, as determined by a receiver operating characteristic curve. Significant differences were observed for alcohol consumption, smoking, pT status, pN status, overall pathological status, extranodal extension, cell differentiation, depth of invasion, and perineural invasion between higher and lower PIV patients (all p values < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier and univariate regression analyses indicated that higher PIV was associated with worse overall survival, disease-free survival, locoregional recurrence-free survival, and distant metastasis-free survival (all p values < 0.001). Multivariate analyses adjusted by various factors further demonstrated that PIV was an independent prognostic factor for overall and distant metastasis-free survival (p = 0.027, HR: 1.281 and p = 0.031, HR: 1.274, respectively). In conclusion, a higher PIV level was associated with poor clinicopathological factors in OSCC patients and could be used to predict poor posttreatment outcomes, especially for overall and distant metastasis-free survival.
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