We sought to investigate epidemiologic features of Kawasaki disease (KD) in Shanghai from 2013 through 2017 and identify risk factors for coronary artery lesions (CAL).
As in our previous three ...surveys, a set of questionnaires and diagnostic guidelines for KD were sent to 50 hospitals providing pediatric medical care in Shanghai. Medical records of KD patients diagnosed from January 2013 through December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for CAL.
A total of 4,452 cases were enrolled. Male-to-female ratio was 1.7:1. The incidence of KD was 68.8 to 107.3 per 100,000 children aged <5 years from 2013 to 2017. Age at onset ranged from 15 days to 14.0 years (median: 1.8 years). KD occurred more frequently in spring and summer. Of 4,325 patients (97.0%) receiving intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), 362 (8.4%) were resistant to initial IVIG. CAL occurred in 406 (9.1%) patients, including 118 (2.7%) with medium aneurysms and 31 (0.7%) with giant aneurysms. Recurrent cases were 60 (1.3%). No death was found in this survey. Higher platelet levels, lower albumin levels, male sex, incomplete KD, IVIG resistance, and receiving initial IVIG ≤4 days or >10 days, were independently associated with CAL.
The incidence of KD in Shanghai had substantially increased while the proportion of CAL had substantially decreased as compared with our previous surveys. Higher platelet levels, lower albumin levels, male sex, incomplete KD, IVIG resistance, and receiving initial IVIG ≤4 days or >10 days, were risk factors for CAL.
With the increasingly close connection between countries around the world, China's foreign exchanges have become increasingly frequent, and English has become an important language of international ...communication. At present, the ability to use English language directly affects people's daily life and work. Among them, English for Science and Technology is an important form of application in the field of scientific and technological activities and one of the important components of English for Specific Purposes (ESP). As far as English is concerned, it has formed its own exclusive characteristics.
Since 2016, results from physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) analyses have been routinely found in the clinical pharmacology section of regulatory applications submitted to the US Food and ...Drug Administration (FDA). In 2018, the Food and Drug Administration's Office of Clinical Pharmacology published a commentary summarizing the application of PBPK modeling in the submissions it received between 2008 and 2017 and its impact on prescribing information. In this commentary, we provide an update on the application of PBPK modeling in submissions received between 2018 and 2019 and highlight a few notable examples.
Model‐informed drug development (MIDD) refers to the application of a wide range of quantitative models in drug development to facilitate the decision‐making process. MIDD was formally recognized in ...Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) VI. There have been many regulatory applications of MIDD to address a variety of drug development and regulatory questions. These applications can be broadly classified into four categories: dose optimization, supportive evidence for efficacy, clinical trial design, and informing policy. Case studies, literature papers, and published regulatory documents are reviewed in this article to highlight some common features of these applications in each category. In addition to the further development and investment in these established domains of application, new technology, and areas, such as more mechanistic models, neural network models, and real‐world data/evidence, are gaining attention, and more submissions and experiences are being accumulated to expand the application of model‐based analysis to a wider scope.
The axon initial segment (AIS) is located at the proximal axon and is the site of action potential initiation. This reflects the high density of ion channels found at the AIS. Adaptive changes to the ...location and length of the AIS can fine‐tune the excitability of neurons and modulate plasticity in response to activity. The AIS plays an important role in maintaining neuronal polarity by regulating the trafficking and distribution of proteins that function in somatodendritic or axonal compartments of the neuron. In this review, we provide an overview of the AIS cytoarchitecture, mechanism of assembly, and recent studies revealing mechanisms of differential transport at the AIS that maintain axon and dendrite identities. We further discuss how genetic mutations in AIS components (i.e., ankyrins, ion channels, and spectrins) and injuries may cause neurological disorders.
In this review, we provide an overview of the AIS cytoarchitecture, mechanism of assembly, and recent studies revealing mechanisms of differential transport at the AIS that maintain axon and dendrite identities. We further discuss how genetic mutations in AIS components (i.e., ankyrins, ion channels, and spectrins) and injuries may cause neurological disorders.
In the HSS iteration methods proposed by Bai, Golub and Ng Z.-Z. Bai, G.H. Golub, M.K. Ng, Hermitian and skew-Hermitian splitting methods for non-Hermitian positive definite linear systems, SIAM. J. ...Matrix Anal. Appl. 24 (2003) 603–626, the determination of the optimal parameter is a tough task when solving a non-Hermitian positive definite linear system. In this paper, a new and simple strategy for obtaining the optimal parameter is proposed, which computes the optimal parameter by solving a cubic polynomial equation. The coefficients of this polynomial are determined by several traces of some matrices related to the symmetric and skew-symmetric parts of the coefficient matrix of the real linear system. Numerical experiments show that our new strategy is very effective for approximating the optimal parameter in the HSS iteration methods as it leads to fast convergence of the method.
Objective.In the workplace, colleague relationship deeply affects employees’ work attitude and behavior, but it is rarely taken seriously. Based on the cognitive‐affective personality system theory ...and social network theory, this study examined the influence of three common workplace haters (negative gossiper, two‐faced person, and loafer) on employee well‐being and knowledge sharing and explores the moderating effect of organizational social capital. Method.The study used longitudinal design, three‐wave, and 409 valid supervisor–employee pairs (233 direct supervisors and 409 employees) from 10 companies in Taiwan to test these hypothetical relationships. Results. The findings of this study showed that: (1) workplace haters negatively affects employee well‐being; (2) employee well‐being positively affects knowledge sharing; (3) employee well‐being mediates the relationship between workplace haters and knowledge sharing; and (4) organizational social capital moderates the relationship between workplace haters and employee well‐being. Conclusion. The study has important contributions to the literature on workplace haters, coworker interaction, and social capital. Implications for behavioral researchers and human resource managers are discussed.
Oxidative stress is recognized as free radical dyshomeostasis, which has damaging effects on proteins, lipids and DNA. However, during cell differentiation and proliferation and other normal ...physiological processes, free radicals play a pivotal role in message transmission and are considered important messengers. Organisms maintain free radical homeostasis through a sophisticated regulatory system in which these “2‐faced” molecules play appropriate roles under physiological and pathological conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including a large number of free radicals, act as redox signalling molecules in essential cellular signalling pathways, including cell differentiation and proliferation. However, excessive ROS levels can induce oxidative stress, which is an important risk factor for diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease. An overall comprehensive understanding of ROS is beneficial for understanding the pathogenesis of certain diseases and finding new therapeutic treatments. This review primarily focuses on ROS cellular localization, sources, chemistry and molecular targets to determine how to distinguish between the roles of ROS as messengers and in oxidative stress.
Based on the cognitive-affective personality system theory and social network theory, this study examines how three common workplace haters influence employee well-being and creativity. It also ...explores the negative moderating effects of personal social capital and organizational pride. The study utilized 496 valid supervisor-employee dyads (comprising 286 direct supervisors and 496 employees) from 13 companies in Taiwan. The findings revealed that: (1) Workplace haters negatively affect employee well-being; (2) Employee well-being positively affects employee creativity; (3) Employee well-being mediates the relationship between workplace haters and employee creativity; (4) Personal social capital moderates the relationship between workplace haters and employee well-being; and (5) Organizational pride moderates the relationship between employee well-being and employee creativity. Implications for behavioral researchers and human resource managers are discussed.
The remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils is a great challenge for global environmental sciences and engineering. To control the ecological risks of heavy metal-contaminated soil more ...effectively, the present study focused on the combination of soil washing (with FeCl3) and in situ immobilization (with lime, biochar, and black carbon). The results showed that the removal rate of Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu was 62.9%, 52.1%, 30.0%, and 16.7%, respectively, when washed with FeCl3. After the combined remediation (immobilization with 1% (w/w) lime), the contaminated soils showed 36.5%, 73.6%, 70.9%, and 53.4% reductions in the bioavailability of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn (extracted with 0.11M acetic acid), respectively, than those of the soils washed with FeCl3 only. However, the immobilization with 1% (w/w) biochar or 1% (w/w) carbon black after washing exhibited low effects on stabilizing the metals. The differences in effects between the immobilization with lime, biochar, and carbon black indicated that the soil pH had a significant influence on the lability of heavy metals during the combined remediation process. The activity of the soil enzymes (urease, sucrase, and catalase) showed that the addition of all the materials, including lime, biochar, and carbon black, exhibited positive effects on microbial remediation after soil washing. Furthermore, lime was the most effective material, indicating that low soil pH and high acid-soluble metal concentrations might restrain the activity of soil enzymes. Soil pH and nutrition were the major considerations for microbial remediation during the combined remediation. These findings suggest that the combination of soil washing and in situ immobilization is an effective method to amend the soils contaminated with multiple heavy metals.
Display omitted
•Soil washing combined with lime addition can effectively amend metal-polluted soil.•pH is a crucial factor to control heavy metal lability in the combined remediation.•Soil enzyme activities are greatly influenced by pH and acid-soluble metal contents.
PDF
