A PRELIMINARY JUPITER MODEL Hubbard, W. B.; Militzer, B.
The Astrophysical journal,
03/2016, Letnik:
820, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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ABSTRACT In anticipation of new observational results for Jupiter's axial moment of inertia and gravitational zonal harmonic coefficients from the forthcoming Juno orbiter, we present a number of ...preliminary Jupiter interior models. We combine results from ab initio computer simulations of hydrogen-helium mixtures, including immiscibility calculations, with a new nonperturbative calculation of Jupiter's zonal harmonic coefficients, to derive a self-consistent model for the planet's external gravity and moment of inertia. We assume helium rain modified the interior temperature and composition profiles. Our calculation predicts zonal harmonic values to which measurements can be compared. Although some models fit the observed (pre-Juno) second- and fourth-order zonal harmonics to within their error bars, our preferred reference model predicts a fourth-order zonal harmonic whose absolute value lies above the pre-Juno error bars. This model has a dense core of about 12 Earth masses and a hydrogen-helium-rich envelope with approximately three times solar metallicity.
Surgical lung biopsy can help to determine a specific diagnosis in interstitial lung disease but has associated risks. Most currently available mortality data are derived from case series and may not ...be generalizable to broader populations.
To assess in-hospital mortality after surgical lung biopsy for interstitial lung disease in a national secondary care dataset from the United States.
Data were obtained from the 2000-2011 Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Cases were identified using International Classification of Diseases codes for interstitial lung disease and surgical lung biopsies. Lung resections and cases of lung cancer were excluded. Weighted data were used to estimate numbers of biopsies nationwide and in-hospital mortality, and multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for sex, age, geographic region, comorbidity, type of operation, and provisional diagnosis.
We estimated there to be around 12,000 surgical lung biopsies performed annually for interstitial lung disease in the United States, two-thirds of which were performed electively. In-hospital mortality was 1.7% for elective procedures but significantly higher for nonelective procedures (16.0%). Male sex, increasing age, increasing comorbidity, open surgery, and a provisional diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or connective tissue disease-related interstitial lung disease were risk factors for increased mortality.
In-hospital mortality after elective surgical lung biopsy for interstitial lung disease is just under 2% but significantly higher for nonelective procedures. Identified risk factors for death should be taken into account when counseling patients on whether to pursue a histologic diagnosis.
The Juno spacecraft has measured Jupiter's low‐order, even gravitational moments, J2–J8, to an unprecedented precision, providing important constraints on the density profile and core mass of the ...planet. Here we report on a selection of interior models based on ab initio computer simulations of hydrogen‐helium mixtures. We demonstrate that a dilute core, expanded to a significant fraction of the planet's radius, is helpful in reconciling the calculated Jn with Juno's observations. Although model predictions are strongly affected by the chosen equation of state, the prediction of an enrichment of Z in the deep, metallic envelope over that in the shallow, molecular envelope holds. We estimate Jupiter's core to contain a 7–25 Earth mass of heavy elements. We discuss the current difficulties in reconciling measured Jn with the equations of state and with theory for formation and evolution of the planet.
Plain Language Summary
The Juno spacecraft has measured Jupiter's gravity to unprecedented precision. We present models of the planet's interior structure, which treat the hydrogen‐helium mixture using computer simulations of the material. We demonstrate that dilute core, with the heavy elements dissolved in hydrogen and expanded outward through a portion of the planet, may be helpful for explaining Juno's measurements.
International guidelines and new targeted therapies for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis have increased the need for accurate diagnosis of interstitial lung disease (ILD), which may lead to more ...surgical lung biopsies. This study aimed to assess the risk of this procedure in patients from the UK.We used Hospital Episodes Statistics data from 1997 to 2008 to assess the frequency of surgical lung biopsy for ILD in England, UK. We identified cardiothoracic surgical patients using International Classification of Diseases revision 10 codes for ILD and Office of Population Censuses and Surveys Classification of Interventions and Procedures version 4 codes for surgical lung biopsy. We excluded those with lung resections or lung cancer. We estimated in-hospital, 30-day and 90-day mortality following the procedure, and linked to cause of death using data from the UK Office of National Statistics.We identified 2820 patients with ILD undergoing surgical lung biopsy during the 12-year period. The number of biopsies increased over the time period studied. In-hospital, 30-day and 90-day mortality were 1.7%, 2.4% and 3.9%, respectively. Male sex, increasing age, increasing comorbidity and open surgery were risk factors for mortality.Surgical lung biopsy for ILD has a similar mortality to lobectomy for lung cancer, and clinicians and patients should understand the likely risks involved.
The depth to which Jupiter's observed east-west jet streams extend has been a long-standing question. Resolving this puzzle has been a primary goal for the Juno spacecraft, which has been in orbit ...around the gas giant since July 2016. Juno's gravitational measurements have revealed that Jupiter's gravitational field is north-south asymmetric, which is a signature of the planet's atmospheric and interior flows. Here we report that the measured odd gravitational harmonics J
, J
, J
and J
indicate that the observed jet streams, as they appear at the cloud level, extend down to depths of thousands of kilometres beneath the cloud level, probably to the region of magnetic dissipation at a depth of about 3,000 kilometres. By inverting the measured gravity values into a wind field, we calculate the most likely vertical profile of the deep atmospheric and interior flow, and the latitudinal dependence of its depth. Furthermore, the even gravity harmonics J
and J
resulting from this flow profile also match the measurements, when taking into account the contribution of the interior structure. These results indicate that the mass of the dynamical atmosphere is about one per cent of Jupiter's total mass.
Previous studies have shown that the incidence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is rising in the U.K. and U.S.A. Death registrations and primary care data were used to determine the current ...trends in IPF incidence in the U.K. Because routine clinical data sets were used, the term IPF clinical syndrome (IPF-CS) is used to describe individuals in this study.
Age- and stratum-specific death registration rates between 1968 and 2008 were calculated and these were applied to the 2008 population to generate annual standardised expected number of deaths. Annual mortality rate ratios were calculated using Poisson regression. Computerised primary care records were used to determine incidence rates of IPF-CS between 2000 and 2008 stratified by age, sex and geographical region, and survival rates between calendar periods were compared.
Annual death certificate recording of IPF-CS rose sixfold across the study period from 0.92 per 100,000 in the 1968-1972 calendar periods to 5.10 per 100,000 in the 2006-2008 calendar period, and were higher in men and the older age groups. The incidence of IPF-CS in primary care increased by 35% from 2000 to 2008, with an overall incidence rate of 7.44 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI 7.12 to 7.77). Incidence was higher in men, the older population and in Northwest England.
The incidence of IPF-CS in primary care and registered deaths from this cause in the U.K. continues to rise in the 21st century. The current findings suggest that there are >5000 new cases diagnosed each year in the U.K.
MYC is a highly pleiotropic transcription factor whose deregulation promotes cancer. In contrast, we find that Myc haploinsufficient (Myc+/–) mice exhibit increased lifespan. They show resistance to ...several age-associated pathologies, including osteoporosis, cardiac fibrosis, and immunosenescence. They also appear to be more active, with a higher metabolic rate and healthier lipid metabolism. Transcriptomic analysis reveals a gene expression signature enriched for metabolic and immune processes. The ancestral role of MYC as a regulator of ribosome biogenesis is reflected in reduced protein translation, which is inversely correlated with longevity. We also observe changes in nutrient and energy sensing pathways, including reduced serum IGF-1, increased AMPK activity, and decreased AKT, TOR, and S6K activities. In contrast to observations in other longevity models, Myc+/– mice do not show improvements in stress management pathways. Our findings indicate that MYC activity has a significant impact on longevity and multiple aspects of mammalian healthspan.
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•Reduction of Myc expression in mice promotes longevity•Lower Myc levels benefit multiple organs and physiological processes•Decreased Myc activity triggers changes in core nutrient and energy-sensing pathways•Lower Myc levels do not cause apparent changes in stress management pathways
Reduced expression of MYC increases lifespan in mice and benefits multiple aspects related to the aging process without apparent developmental trade-offs or changes in stress management pathways.
We calculate the theoretical evolution of the radii of all 14 of the known transiting extrasolar giant planets (EGPs) for a variety of assumptions concerning atmospheric opacity, dense inner core ...masses, and possible internal power sources. We incorporate the effects of stellar irradiation and customize such effects for each EGP and star. Looking collectively at the family as a whole, we find that there are in fact two radius anomalies to be explained. Not only are the radii of a subset of the known transiting EGPs larger than expected from previous theory, but many of the other objects are smaller than the default theory would allow. We suggest that the larger EGPs can be explained by invoking enhanced atmospheric opacities that naturally retain internal heat. This explanation might obviate the necessity for an extra internal power source. We explain the smaller radii by the presence in perhaps all the known transiting EGPs of dense cores, such as have been inferred for Saturn and Jupiter. Importantly, we derive a rough correlation between the masses of our "best-fit" cores and the stellar metallicity that seems to buttress the core-accretion model of their formation. Although many caveats and uncertainties remain, the resulting comprehensive theory that incorporates enhanced-opacity atmospheres and dense cores is in reasonable accord with all the current structural data for the known transiting giant planets.
The gravity harmonics of a fluid, rotating planet can be decomposed into static components arising from solid-body rotation and dynamic components arising from flows. In the absence of internal ...dynamics, the gravity field is axially and hemispherically symmetric and is dominated by even zonal gravity harmonics J
that are approximately proportional to q
, where q is the ratio between centrifugal acceleration and gravity at the planet's equator. Any asymmetry in the gravity field is attributed to differential rotation and deep atmospheric flows. The odd harmonics, J
, J
, J
, J
and higher, are a measure of the depth of the winds in the different zones of the atmosphere. Here we report measurements of Jupiter's gravity harmonics (both even and odd) through precise Doppler tracking of the Juno spacecraft in its polar orbit around Jupiter. We find a north-south asymmetry, which is a signature of atmospheric and interior flows. Analysis of the harmonics, described in two accompanying papers, provides the vertical profile of the winds and precise constraints for the depth of Jupiter's dynamical atmosphere.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and fibroblast proliferation. ECM cross-linking enzymes have been implicated in fibrotic ...diseases, and we hypothesized that the ECM in IPF is abnormally cross-linked, which enhances fibroblast growth and resistance to normal ECM turnover. We used a combination of in vitro ECM preparations and in vivo assays to examine the expression of cross-linking enzymes and the effect of their inhibitors on fibroblast growth and ECM turnover. Lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1), LOXL2, LOXL3, and LOXL4 were expressed equally in control and IPF-derived fibroblasts. Transglutaminase 2 was more strongly expressed in IPF fibroblasts. LOXL2-, transglutaminase 2-, and transglutaminase-generated cross-links were strongly expressed in IPF lung tissue. Fibroblasts grown on IPF ECM had higher LOXL3 protein expression and transglutaminase activity than those grown on control ECM. IPF-derived ECM also enhanced fibroblast adhesion and proliferation compared with control ECM. Inhibition of lysyl oxidase and transglutaminase activity during ECM formation affected ECM structure as visualized by electron microscopy, and it reduced the enhanced fibroblast adhesion and proliferation of IPF ECM to control levels. Inhibition of transglutaminase, but not of lysyl oxidase, activity enhanced the turnover of ECM in vitro. In bleomycin-treated mice, during the postinflammatory fibrotic phase, inhibition of transglutaminases was associated with a reduction in whole-lung collagen. Our findings suggest that the ECM in IPF may enhance pathological cross-linking, which contributes to increased fibroblast growth and resistance to normal ECM turnover to drive lung fibrosis.
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