Predictions obtained by, e.g., artificial neural networks have a high accuracy but humans often perceive the models as black boxes. Insights about the decision making are mostly opaque for humans. ...Particularly understanding the decision making in highly sensitive areas such as healthcare or finance, is of paramount importance. The decision-making behind the black boxes requires it to be more transparent, accountable, and understandable for humans. This survey paper provides essential definitions, an overview of the different principles and methodologies of explainable Supervised Machine Learning (SML). We conduct a state-of-the-art survey that reviews past and recent explainable SML approaches and classifies them according to the introduced definitions. Finally, we illustrate principles by means of an explanatory case study and discuss important future directions.
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•XPS data of uranium and cerium oxide films are in agreement with data obtained on bulk.•Uranium(VI) can form directly without post treatment when it is mixed with cerium.•U(V) is ...obtained without post treatment when it is mixed with cerium.•Cerium has higher affinity to reduction when it is mixed with uranium.
Thin films of uranium cerium mixed oxides UxCe1−xO2±y have been prepared by DC sputtering and characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Reduction and oxidation properties were analysed by exposing the films to atomic hydrogen and to atomic oxygen, respectively. Possible interaction between uranium and cerium were investigated by comparing the compounds to the single oxides of cerium and uranium. Uranium seems to promote the reduction of cerium. Conversely cerium promotes oxidation of uranium. Under our deposition conditions, it was not possible to produce pure U(IV) together with pure Ce(IV). The synthesis of U2O5 with U(V) cannot be obtained directly by DC sputtering, whereas with addition of cerium, U(V) seems to be stabilized and obtained more easily. This can be related to a charge transfer between Ce(IV) and U(IV).
•Two on-line approaches for Gaussian process (GP) regression are proposed.•The 1st approach (RGP) is computationally cheap with errors close to a full GP.•The 2nd approach (RGP★) in addition performs ...on-line hyperparameter learning.•RGP★ can outperform even off-line learning algorithms in terms of error.•RGP★ is computationally cheaper than other on-line learners with lower error.
Two approaches for on-line Gaussian process regression with low computational and memory demands are proposed. The first approach assumes known hyperparameters and performs regression on a set of basis vectors that stores mean and covariance estimates of the latent function. The second approach additionally learns the hyperparameters on-line. For this purpose, techniques from nonlinear Gaussian state estimation are exploited. The proposed approaches are compared to state-of-the-art sparse Gaussian process algorithms.
Objective was to analyze the role of PD-L1 and its relation to demographic, patho-clinical and outcome parameters in salivary gland carcinoma (SGC) patients. Patients treated for salivary gland ...carcinomas between 1994 and 2010 were included. A retrospective chart review for baseline characteristics, pathohistological, clinical and outcome data was performed. Immunohistochemistry for PD-L1 was performed using tissue microarrays. PD-L1 expression was assessed in tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIIC) and statistical analysis with regard to baseline and outcome data was performed. Expression of PD-L1 (by means ≥1% of the cells with PD-L1 positivity) was present in the salivary gland carcinoma cells of 17%, in the TIIC of 20% and in both tumor cells and TIIC of 10% the patients. PD-L1 expression in tumor cells and both tumor cells and TIIC was related to tumor grading (p = 0.035 and p = 0.031, respectively). A trend towards higher grading was also seen for PD-L1 expression in TIICs (p = 0.058). Patients with salivary duct carcinomas and PD-L1 expressing TIICs showed a significantly worse DFS and OS (p = 0.022 and p = 0.003, respectively), those with both tumor cells and TIIC expressing PD-L1 a significantly worse DFS (p = 0.030). PD-L1 expression is present in 17% and 20% of salivary gland carcinoma cells and TIIC. Ten percent of the patient showed a PD-L1 positivity in both tumor cells and TIIC. This is related to high tumor grading and therefore might be a negative prognostic factor.
The advancing digitalisation is one of the great challenges of our times. Related activities also concern the wastewater sector. In the field of building construction, one emerging approach is ...building information modelling (BIM). The presented work investigates to which extent BIM practices have already found their way to wastewater management, and what kind of benefits and constraints are incorporated. Information is collected by means of a literature review and international expert surveys. Results indicate that several BIM-related key elements are already well established in the sector, but not necessarily in the intended manner. Consequently, the digital transition in the wastewater sector is not about replacing existing procedures and techniques but to rethink and optimise them. This primarily concerns data and information management in combination with the application of digital tools. Furthermore, wastewater management requires more integrated approaches, involving interdisciplinary/collaborative concepts and life cycle perspectives. Appropriate change management is necessary to give support and guidance to employees during the transition process. Furthermore, also from the political side, a clear definition and communication of the pursued digital vision is important. This article aims at stimulating discussion and research to optimise wastewater management from the digital perspective.
Malignant melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, is characterized by a predominant mutation in the BRAF gene. Drugs that target tumours carrying this mutation have recently entered the clinic. ...Accordingly, patients are routinely screened for mutations in this gene to determine whether they can benefit from this type of treatment. The current gold standard for mutation screening uses real-time polymerase chain reaction and sequencing methods. Here we show that an assay based on microcantilever arrays can detect the mutation nanomechanically without amplification in total RNA samples isolated from melanoma cells. The assay is based on a BRAF-specific oligonucleotide probe. We detected mutant BRAF at a concentration of 500 pM in a 50-fold excess of the wild-type sequence. The method was able to distinguish melanoma cells carrying the mutation from wild-type cells using as little as 20 ng µl(-1) of RNA material, without prior PCR amplification and use of labels.
Despite their overwhelming complexity, living cells display a high degree of internal mechanical and functional organization which can largely be attributed to the intracellular biopolymer scaffold, ...the cytoskeleton. Being a very complex system far from thermodynamic equilibrium, the cytoskeleton's ability to organize is at the same time challenging and fascinating. The extensive amounts of frequently interacting cellular building blocks and their inherent multifunctionality permits highly adaptive behavior and obstructs a purely reductionist approach. Nevertheless (and despite the field's relative novelty), the physics approach has already proved to be extremely successful in revealing very fundamental concepts of cytoskeleton organization and behavior. This review aims at introducing the physics of the cytoskeleton ranging from single biopolymer filaments to multicellular organisms. Throughout this wide range of phenomena, the focus is set on the intertwined nature of the different physical scales (levels of complexity) that give rise to numerous emergent properties by means of self-organization or self-assembly.
Head and neck cancers often require complex, labor-intensive surgeries, especially when free flap reconstruction is required. Enhanced recovery is important in this patient population but ...evidence-based protocols on perioperative care for this population are lacking.
To provide a consensus-based protocol for optimal perioperative care of patients undergoing head and neck cancer surgery with free flap reconstruction.
Following endorsement by the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Society to develop this protocol, a systematic review was conducted for each topic. The PubMed and Cochrane databases were initially searched to identify relevant publications on head and neck cancer surgery from 1965 through April 2015. Consistent key words for each topic included "head and neck surgery," "pharyngectomy," "laryngectomy," "laryngopharyngectomy," "neck dissection," "parotid lymphadenectomy," "thyroidectomy," "oral cavity resection," "glossectomy," and "head and neck." The final selection of literature included meta-analyses and systematic reviews as well as randomized controlled trials where available. In the absence of high-level data, case series and nonrandomized studies in head and neck cancer surgery patients or randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews in non-head and neck cancer surgery patients, were considered. An international panel of experts in major head and neck cancer surgery and enhanced recovery after surgery reviewed and assessed the literature for quality and developed recommendations for each topic based on the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. All recommendations were graded following a consensus discussion among the expert panel.
The literature search, including a hand search of reference lists, identified 215 relevant publications that were considered to be the best evidence for the topic areas. A total of 17 topic areas were identified for inclusion in the protocol for the perioperative care of patients undergoing major head and neck cancer surgery with free flap reconstruction. Best practice includes several elements of perioperative care. Among these elements are the provision of preoperative carbohydrate treatment, pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis, perioperative antibiotics in clean-contaminated procedures, corticosteroid and antiemetic medications, short acting anxiolytics, goal-directed fluid management, opioid-sparing multimodal analgesia, frequent flap monitoring, early mobilization, and the avoidance of preoperative fasting.
The evidence base for specific perioperative care elements in head and neck cancer surgery is variable and in many cases information from different surgerical procedures form the basis for these recommendations. Clinical evaluation of these recommendations is a logical next step and further research in this patient population is warranted.
...the first report of long-term TPN, given at home to adults with chronic bowel disease, was administered overnight for 12-18 hours (2). Time-restricted feeding is actively being studied in adult ...outpatients with obesity and those with healthy weight, with evaluation of weight loss or metabolic syndrome manifestations. Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with pre-diabetes.
In the considered linear Gaussian sensor scheduling problem, only one sensor out of a set of sensors performs a measurement. To minimize the estimation error over multiple time steps in a ...computationally tractable fashion, the so-called information-based pruning algorithm is proposed. It utilizes the information matrices of the sensors and the monotonicity of the Riccati equation. This allows ordering sensors according to their information contribution and excluding many of them from scheduling. Additionally, a tight lower is calculated for branch-and-bound search, which further improves the pruning performance.
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