A series of WF rat mammary tumors comprising one transplantable nonmetastasizing line (MT-W9), two predominantly lymphatic (SMT-2A and SMT-077) and one lymphatic and hematogenous (MT-450) ...metastasizing transplantable lines, and 7,12-dimethylbenzaanthracene (DMBA)-induced nonmetastasizing primary tumors was examined for the presence of epithelial and myoepithelial cell characteristics with the use of immunocytochemical techniques. Tumor cells staining for myosin were only occasionally observed in a basal orientation in glandular structures in sections of DMBA-induced and MT-W9 tumors; anti-laminin serum stained the peripheries of the glandular structures in the DMBA-induced and MT-W9 tumors but failed to stain the SMT-2A and SMT-077 tumor cells. In the nonmetastasizing tumors immunologically detectable keratin occurred mainly in the outer cellular layer of glandlike structures, whereas milk fat globule membrane immunoreactivity occurred primarily in the luminal cells. Both these types of immunoreactivity were observed in MT-450 tumor cells, but the pattern of keratin staining was random. No such immunoreactivity occurred in SMT-2A or SMT-077 tumors. No tumor cell-associated staining for fibronectin was seen in any of the tumors examined, although host stromal components stained intensely. The nonmetastasizing tumors contained cuboidal epithelial cells with lumen formation, surface microvilli, and intercellular junctional complexes, together with a relatively undifferentiated elongated cell component. Other elongated cells showed hemidesmosomes, pinocytotic vesicles, tonofilaments, and small bundles of cytoplasmic filaments, suggesting gradations toward a myoepithelial phenotype. The MT-450 tumors were ultrastructurally similar to the nonmetastasizing tumors, but no features of myoepithelial cells were seen, although some cuboidal epithelial cells exhibited prominent tonofilaments. The SMT-2A and SMT-077 tumors consisted of nests of cuboidal-like cells with highly pleomorphic nuclei and much intercellular collagen. The results indicate a progressive loss of cellular differentiation characteristics, particularly those of the myoepithelial cell with increasing malignancy in this system.
Oxyhemoglobin was injected intracisternally into three baboons, and methemoglobin into one baboon, in an attempt to mimic the prolonged cerebral arterial spasm sometimes seen after subarachnoid ...hemorrhage due to aneurysm rupture. Cerebral angiography was performed for up to 7 days after injection of hemoglobin, and the degree of vasospasm was estimated from the angiograms. Oxyhemoglobin caused slight arterial narrowing, which lasted for 3 days. Methemoglobin had no significant effects. Motor neurological deficits and histopathological signs, characteristic of prolonged cerebral vasospasm, were not observed. It was concluded that hemoglobin alone is not capable of causing the cerebral vasospasm syndrome in these experimental animals.
The syntheses of five metabolites of the antiinflammatory drug etodolac (1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano-3,4-bindole-1-acetic acid) are described, viz. 6-hydroxyetodolac, N-methyletodolac, ...4-ureidoetodolac, 8-(1'-hydroxy)etodolac, and 4-oxoetodolac. These syntheses were used to confirm the identities of the metabolites. The metabolites themselves, as well as the previously reported metabolite 7-hydroxyetodolac, were tested in a rat adjuvant edema model and in vitro for their capacity to block prostaglandin production in chondrocyte cells. All either were inactive or possessed only marginal activity. The isolation of N-methyletodolac and 4-oxoetodolac from human and rat urine, respectively, is also described.
The syntheses of analogues of pemedolac (cis-1-ethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-4-(phenylmethyl)-pyrano(3,4-b)indo le-1-acetic acid), a potent analgesic, are described. They were tested for analgesic and ...antiinflammatory effects in vivo and for inhibition of prostaglandin production in vitro. Analysis of structure-activity relationships shows that analgesic activity in this series is associated with 1S-cis stereochemistry, the presence of a pi -system (allyl or benzyl) at position 4, and a log P value greater than 4.0.
It has been shown that varicella can be prevented in susceptible normal children by administration of zoster immune globulin (ZIG) following exposure. A dose adequate to prevent illness in a normal ...child, however, appeared only to modify the disease when given to a leukemic child. It appeared, therefore, that larger quantities of antibody might be required to prevent varicella in high risk children. A collaborative study was thus undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of ZIG in children considered to be at high risk from varicella. Susceptible children with leukemia or other malignancies, or with defects in cellular immunity on either a genetic or an iatrogenic basis were considered to be at high risk. Such children from collaborating centers were preregistered in the study, and ZIG was administered after a household exposure to varicella had occurred. Nine high risk children received ZIG within 48 hours following a household exposure. Varicella was prevented or modified in eight of these children. One child who received a less potent preparation of ZIG developed progressive varicella, but subsequently recovered. ZIG in adequate dosage, administered within 48 hours of exposure, may be expected to prevent or modify varicella in high risk children.
This study provides a better understanding of the nature and significance of military spending to the Washington State economy. The pattern of military spending on Washington-produced goods and ...services is summarized for the past, and simulations are made for later years. The impact on employment and income of military spending relative to other sources of demand is examined with an input/output model of the Washington economy. Estimates are made of the job growth in Washington that can be attributed to the Reagan military buildup. Three-year simulations indicate that military-generated demand is not likely to be the engine of economic growth in the state that it had been in the previous decade. Growth in the future levels of foreign exports may replace losses in income and employment as future military spending in the state declines.
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