The article analyzes the development of the BankID system. The legal framework for regulating the functioning of the BankID System of the National Bank of Ukraine has been studied. Some elements of ...the mechanism of operation of the BankID system are outlined. It is concluded that the existing BankID System significantly improves interaction with the user, saves time and facilitates the receipt of administrative (government), financial, commercial and other services on the Internet in a legally safer way; today, along with a physical passport, it is the most commonly used method of identification.
•We studied the effect of habitat heterogeneity on biodiversity in arable-dominated farmland.•Smaller patch sizes and non-cropped elements were related to higher farmland biodiversity.•Butterflies ...were good indicator of overall biodiversity.•Promoting heterogeneity may be successful in protecting farmland biodiversity.
Agricultural intensification has substantially reduced multi-scale habitat heterogeneity, including increased field size and loss of semi-natural structures, thus resulting in large-scale deterioration of farmland biodiversity. Biodiversity conservation in farmland has therefore become a conservation priority on a regional as well as continental scale. The effect of habitat heterogeneity on biodiversity on different trophic and niche levels is poorly understood, particularly in agricultural regions with simple arable patterns, where biodiversity has declined most conspicuously. To investigate the effects of habitat heterogeneity on biodiversity in an intensively managed arable-dominated agricultural landscape, we measured the abundance and species richness of spiders, butterflies, birds and European hares as well as the fine-scale habitat composition on various spatial scales. Additionally, we examined correlations between species richness and abundance among taxonomic groups to investigate if any of the biodiversity parameters provided a good indicator of overall farmland biodiversity. We found that smaller patch sizes and larger areas of non-cropped elements (margins, hedges and grasslands) were related to higher farmland biodiversity of different taxonomic groups but habitat diversity was not. The positive effect of these factors was recorded on both spatial scales and in a separate analysis considering groups with different habitat requirements and dispersal abilities. Biodiversity parameters (i.e. species richness and abundance) of the taxonomic groups were positively correlated with one another. In particular, butterfly species richness correlated with bird, butterfly and spider abundance and with bird species richness, suggesting that it may be a good indicator of general farmland biodiversity in intensively managed arable landscapes. Our results suggest that enhancing the heterogeneity of farmed landscapes by decreasing field size and increasing the availability of non-cropped habitats may be a valuable tool for conserving farmland biodiversity in intensive arable farmlands.
Clear operational definitions of constructs are necessary to ensure that research findings are meaningful and interpretable. In the field of aphasiology, aphasia is often defined to the effect of ...“aphasia is an acquired language disorder often due to brain injury that affects expressive and receptive language.” To contribute to our understanding of the construct of aphasia, we conducted a content analysis of six diagnostic aphasia tests: the Minnesota Test for the Differential Diagnosis of Aphasia, the Porch Index of Communicative Ability, the Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination, the Western Aphasia Battery, the Comprehensive Aphasia Test, and the Quick Aphasia Battery. These chosen tests have historical prominence, with several in regular clinical and research use today. We hypothesized that the content of the aphasia tests should be very similar since they all purport to identify and characterize (if present) aphasia, with recognition that there may be some subtle differences in test content stemming in large part to epistemological differences in the test makers’ views of aphasia. Instead, we found predominantly weak Jaccard indices, a similarity correlation coefficient, between test targets. Only five test targets were found in all six aphasia tests: auditory comprehension of words and sentences, repetition of words, confrontation naming of nouns, and reading comprehension of words. The qualitative and quantitative results suggest that the content across aphasia tests may be more disparate than expected. We conclude by discussing the implication of our results for the field, including the importance of updating, if necessary, the operational definition of aphasia through conversation with a broad audience of interested and affected people.
Language users rely on both linguistic and conceptual processing abilities to efficiently comprehend or produce language. According to the principle of rational adaptation, the degree to which a ...cognitive system relies on one process vs. another can change under different conditions or disease states with the goal of optimizing behavior. In this study, we investigated rational adaptation in reliance on linguistic versus conceptual processing in aphasia, an acquired disorder of language. In individuals living with aphasia, verb-retrieval impairments are a pervasive deficit that negatively impacts communicative function. As such, we examined evidence of adaptation in verb production, using parallel measures to index impairment in two of verb naming's critical subcomponents: conceptual and linguistic processing. These component processes were evaluated using a standardized assessment battery designed to contrast non-linguistic (picture input) and linguistic (word input) tasks of conceptual action knowledge. The results indicate that non-linguistic conceptual action processing can be impaired in people with aphasia and contributes to verb-retrieval impairments. Furthermore, relatively unimpaired conceptual action processing can ameliorate the influence of linguistic processing deficits on verb-retrieval impairments. These findings are consistent with rational adaptation accounts, indicating that conceptual processing plays a key role in language function and can be leveraged in rehabilitation to improve verb retrieval in adults with chronic aphasia.
•Rational adaptation (RA) affects reliance on linguistic vs. conceptual knowledge.•We tested if RA explains verb retrieval performance in people with aphasia (PWA).•Non-linguistic access to conceptual knowledge strongly predicted verb retrieval.•Strong conceptual access offset linguistic-deficit effects on PWA's verb retrieval.•PWA rationally adapt to rely on conceptual knowledge to facilitate verb retrieval.
Although data preprocessing is a universal technique that can be widely used in neural networks (NNs), most research in this area is focused on designing new NN architectures. This paper, we propose ...a preprocessing technique that enriches the original image data using local intensity information; this technique is motivated by human perception. To encode this information into an image, we introduce a new image structure named image represented by a fuzzy function. When using this structure, a crisp intensity value of each pixel is replaced by a fuzzy set given by a membership function constructed with the usage of extremal values from the particular neighborhood of that pixel. We describe this structure and its properties and propose a way in which it can be used as an input into existing NNs without any modifications. Based on our benchmark consisting of three well-known datasets and five NN architectures, we show that the proposed preprocessing can, in most cases, decrease classification error compared with a baseline and two other preprocessing methods. To support our claim, we have also selected several publicly available projects and tested the impact of the preprocessing with a positive result.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a short-form computerized adaptive testing (CAT) version of the Philadelphia Naming Test (PNT) provides error profiles and model-based estimates of ...semantic and phonological processing that agree with the full test.
Twenty-four persons with aphasia took the PNT-CAT and the full version of the PNT (hereinafter referred to as the "full PNT") at least 2 weeks apart. The PNT-CAT proceeded in two stages: (a) the PNT-CAT30, in which 30 items were selected to match the evolving ability estimate with the goal of producing a 50% error rate, and (b) the PNT-CAT60, in which an additional 30 items were selected to produce a 75% error rate. Agreement was evaluated in terms of the root-mean-square deviation of the response-type proportions and, for individual response types, in terms of agreement coefficients and bias. We also evaluated agreement and bias for estimates of semantic and phonological processing derived from the semantic-phonological interactive two-step model (SP model) of word production.
The results suggested that agreement was poorest for semantic, formal, mixed, and unrelated errors, all of which were underestimated by the short forms. Better agreement was observed for correct and nonword responses. SP model weights estimated by the short forms demonstrated no substantial bias but generally inadequate agreement with the full PNT, which itself showed acceptable test-retest reliability for SP model weights and all response types except for formal errors.
Results suggest that the PNT-CAT30 and the PNT-CAT60 are generally inadequate for generating naming error profiles or model-derived estimates of semantic and phonological processing ability. Post hoc analyses suggested that increasing the number of stimuli available in the CAT item bank may improve the utility of adaptive short forms for generating error profiles, but the underlying theory also suggests that there are limitations to this approach based on a unidimensional measurement model.
https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.22320814.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
In addition to their active ingredients, pesticides contain also additives – surfactants. Use of surfactants has been increasing over the past decade, but their effects on non-target organisms, ...especially natural enemies of pests, have been studied only very rarely. The effect of three common agrochemical surfactants on the foraging behavior of the wolf spider Pardosa agrestis was studied in the laboratory. Differences in short-term, long-term, and overall cumulative predatory activities were investigated. We found that surfactant treatment significantly affected short-term predatory activity but had no effect on long-term predatory activity. The surfactants also significantly influenced the cumulative number of killed prey. We also found the sex-specific increase in cumulative kills after surfactants treatment. This is the first study showing that pesticide additives have a sublethal effect that can weaken the predatory activity of a potential biological control agent. More studies on the effects of surfactants are needed to understand how they affect beneficial organisms in agroecosystems.
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•Foraging behavior of Pardosa agrestis was studied after agronomical surfactant treatments.•Short- and long-term predatory activity after surfactant treatment was recorded.•Agronomical surfactants can weaken predatory activity of potential biocontrol agent.
Agronomical surfactants have sublethal effect on Pardosa agrestis. They influence the prey capture rate and weaken the predatory activity of a potential biological control agent.
Abstract Hula WD, Doyle PJ, Austermann Hula SN. Patient-reported cognitive and communicative functioning: 1 construct or 2? Objectives To examine the dimensionality of scales for measuring ...patient-reported cognitive and communicative functioning in a sample of stroke survivors and to evaluate the consequences for measurement of treating them as a single, undifferentiated construct. Design Secondary analysis of existing cross-sectional data. Setting Data were collected in outpatient rehabilitation clinics and in the community. Participants Unilateral stroke survivors (N=316) 3 months or more postonset referred for participation in research. Interventions Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures The Burden of Stroke Scale cognition and communication domain scales were evaluated by using confirmatory factor analysis, Rasch analysis, and tests of differential item functioning (DIF). To evaluate the impact of multidimensionality on the measurement of individual patients, separately estimated cognition and communication scores were compared. Combined and separately estimated scores were also examined for responsiveness to group differences in the presence of cognitive and communicative impairment. Results Factor analysis and Rasch model fit analyses equivocally supported the unidimensionality of the item pool. DIF analyses between participants with right versus left hemisphere stroke suggested multidimensionality. Scaling cognition and communication items separately resulted in different person scores for a significant number of patients and greater responsiveness to group differences. Conclusions Patient-reported scales assessing communication along with more general cognitive activities may possess an internal structure that is inconsistent with a unidimensional measurement model with potential negative consequences for measurement.
The recent advancements of Internet of Things (IoT) embedded systems, wireless networks, and biosensors those have assisted in the rapid development of implanting wearable sensors are reviewed here. ...The applications of the internet of medical things (IoMT) that has gained major attention as an ecosystem of connected clinical systems, computing systems, and medical sensors geared towards improving the quality of healthcare services are also reviewed here. The 5G based AI technology can revolute the perception of healthcare and lifestyle. In light of the importance of IoT platforms and 5G networks, the purpose of this proposed research work is to identify threats that could undermine the integrity, privacy, and security of IoMT systems. Also, the novel blockchain‐based approaches that can help in improving the confidentiality of IoMT network. It has been discovered that IoMT is vulnerable to various types of attacks, including denial of service (DoS), malware, and eavesdropping attack. In addition, IoMT is exposed to various vulnerabilities, such as security, privacy, and confidentiality. Despite multiple security threats, there are novel cryptographic techniques, such as access control, identity authentication, and data encryption that can help in improving the security and reliability of IoMT devices.
In this paper we presented a new forms of maps called Nano-θG1 closed, Nano-θG2 closed, Nano-θG3 closed and Nano-θG4 closed in N-topological spaces and study the relationship between other current ...maps in N-topological spaces. A modern look of Homeomorphism named Nano-θG1Homeomorphism is created and some of its characteristics are debated.
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