A global climatology of monsoon low‐pressure systems Hurley, John V.; Boos, William R.
Quarterly journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,
April 2015 Part B, 2015-04-00, 20150401, Letnik:
141, Številka:
689
Journal Article
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The first global climatology of monsoon low‐pressure systems is presented here, based on the ERA‐Interim reanalysis. Low‐pressure systems are classified into three intensity categories and particular ...focus is given to systems in the category corresponding to a traditional definition of monsoon depressions. Vortex tracks are identified using an automated algorithm applied to the distributions of 850 hPa relative vorticity, sea‐level pressure and surface wind speed for 1979–2012. Roughly two to three times as many monsoon low‐pressure systems form in the Northern Hemisphere as in the Southern Hemisphere during local summer. The frequency of genesis typically peaks in local summer, but low‐pressure systems form throughout the year in every monsoon region. Interannual variability is weak, with standard deviations of summer counts typically being below 10% of the long‐term summer mean. Regional composites reveal that monsoon depressions in India, the western Pacific and northern Australia share a common structure, consisting of a warm‐over‐cold core and a top‐heavy column of potential vorticity that extends from the surface to the upper troposphere. A separate class of monsoon low‐pressure systems develops over dry regions of West Africa and western Australia, with a shallow composite structure having a warm core in the lower troposphere and cyclonic potential vorticity confined to a thin near‐surface layer. Low‐pressure systems in nearly all monsoon regions are estimated to account for a large fraction, from about 40% to more than 80%, of summer precipitation on the poleward edge of the climatological mean precipitation maxima.
Solid wastes from commercial coal gasification plants are a significant environmental issue in China because of the large quantities produced. In recent years, with the rapid development of coal ...gasification technologies in China, more and more coal gasification residues are being disposed of in landfills because of the low utilization of the residues. In the present study, the column leaching procedure M1314 developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was used to evaluate the potential for environmental pollution by potentially hazardous trace elements (Be, V, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Mo, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, Tl, Pb, Hg, Th, and U) in the coarse and fine gasification residues from two plants using General Electric (GE) and Gaskombinat Schwarze Pumpe (GSP) coal gasification technologies in northwest China. The potentially hazardous trace elements in the residues show different release patterns with the liquid–solid ratio increasing. The cumulative leached concentrations of the potentially hazardous trace elements from the coal gasification residues were generally low, and only Mo in the leachate of GSP fine residue was moderately soluble. V in the GSP coal gasification residues showed an increasing leachability in the leaching procedure. As, Se, Mo, Sb, and Tl in some leachates exceeded their thresholds in Level III of the Chinese Quality Standard for Groundwater and/or the Maximum Contaminant Levels of the U.S. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. According to the risk assessment code, Se in the GE fine residue and Mo in the GE and GSP fine residues had medium risk to the ecosystem. Those data indicated that the potential for environmental pollution by those elements from coal gasification plants should be given consideration.
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•As, Se, Sr, Mo, and Sb were relatively mobile in the EPA M1314 leaching procedure.•Leached concentrations of V in the GSP residues kept increasing.•Environmental risks caused by As, Se, Mo, Sb, and Tl should be given consideration.
Here it is shown that almost all models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) exhibit a common bias in the thermodynamic structure of boreal summer monsoons. The strongest ...bias lies over South Asia, where the upper-tropospheric temperature maximum is too weak, is shifted southeast of its observed location, and does not extend as far west over Africa as it does in observations. Simulated Asian maxima of surface air moist static energy are also too weak and are located over coastal oceans rather than in their observed continental position. The spatial structure of this bias suggests that it is caused by an overly smoothed representation of topography west of the Tibetan Plateau, which allows dry air from the deserts of western Asia to penetrate the monsoon thermal maximum, suppressing moist convection and cooling the upper troposphere. In a climate model with a decent representation of the thermodynamic state of the Asian monsoon, the qualitative characteristics of this bias can be recreated by truncating topography just west of the Tibetan Plateau. This relatively minor topographic modification also produces a negative anomaly of Indian precipitation of similar sign and amplitude to the CMIP continental Indian monsoon precipitation bias. Furthermore, in simulations of next-century climate warming, this topographic modification reduces the amplitude of the increase in Indian monsoon precipitation. These results confirm the importance of topography west of the Tibetan Plateau for South Asian climate and illustrate the need for careful assessments of the thermodynamic state of model monsoons.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a major cause of cardiac death and heart transplantation. It has been known that black people have a higher incidence of heart failure and related diseases compared to ...white people. To identify the relationship between gene expression and cardiac function in DCM patients, we performed pathway analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) using RNA-sequencing data (GSE141910) from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and identified several gene modules that were significantly associated with the left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) and DCM phenotype. Genes included in these modules are enriched in three major categories of signaling pathways: fibrosis-related, small molecule transporting-related, and immune response-related. Through consensus analysis, we found that gene modules associated with LVEF in African Americans are almost identical as in Caucasians, suggesting that the two groups may have more common rather than disparate genetic regulations in the etiology of DCM. In addition to the identified modules, we found that the gene expression level of Na/K-ATPase, an important membrane ion transporter, has a strong correlation with the LVEF. These clinical results are consistent with our previous findings and suggest the clinical significance of Na/K-ATPase regulation in DCM.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Traditionally, clinical decision making has been perceived as a purely rational and cognitive process. Recently, a number of authors have linked emotional intelligence (EI) to clinical decision ...making (CDM) and calls have been made for an increased focus on EI skills for clinicians. The objective of this integrative literature review was to identify and synthesise the empirical evidence for a role of emotion in CDM.
A systematic search of the bibliographic databases PubMed, PsychINFO, and CINAHL (EBSCO) was conducted to identify empirical studies of clinician populations. Search terms were focused to identify studies reporting clinician emotion OR clinician emotional intelligence OR emotional competence AND clinical decision making OR clinical reasoning.
Twenty three papers were retained for synthesis. These represented empirical work from qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods approaches and comprised work with a focus on experienced emotion and on skills associated with emotional intelligence. The studies examined nurses (10), physicians (7), occupational therapists (1), physiotherapists (1), mixed clinician samples (3), and unspecified infectious disease experts (1). We identified two main themes in the context of clinical decision making: the subjective experience of emotion; and, the application of emotion and cognition in CDM. Sub-themes under the subjective experience of emotion were: emotional response to contextual pressures; emotional responses to others; and, intentional exclusion of emotion from CDM. Under the application of emotion and cognition in CDM, sub-themes were: compassionate emotional labour - responsiveness to patient emotion within CDM; interdisciplinary tension regarding the significance and meaning of emotion in CDM; and, emotion and moral judgement.
Clinicians' experienced emotions can and do affect clinical decision making, although acknowledgement of that is far from universal. Importantly, this occurs in the in the absence of a clear theoretical framework and educational preparation may not reflect the importance of emotional competence to effective CDM.
Trauma‐informed care (TIC) is increasingly recognized as an approach to improving consumers’ experience of, and outcomes from, mental health services. Deriving consensus on the definition, successful ...approaches, and consumer experiences of TIC is yet to be attained. In the present study, we sought to clarify the challenges experienced by mental health nurses in embedding TIC into acute inpatient settings within Australia. A systematic search of electronic databases was undertaken to identify primary research conducted on the topic of TIC. A narrative review and synthesis of the 11 manuscripts retained from the search was performed. The main findings from the review indicate that there are very few studies focussing on TIC in the Australian context of acute mental health care. The review demonstrates that TIC can support a positive organizational culture and improve consumer experiences of care. The present review highlights that there is an urgency for mental health nurses to identify their role in delivering and evaluating TIC, inclusive of undertaking training and clinical supervision, and to engage in systemic efforts to change service cultures.
The processes controlling the joint distribution of water vapor specific humidity (q) and isotopic ratios (δ) at the subtropical relative humidity (RH) minimum are investigated through the ...development of an advection‐condensation model that is applied to an idealized GCM and a GCM nudged by reanalysis data. The first‐order characteristics of the joint distribution of δ and q values from the subtropical RH minimum can be satisfactorily explained by the model. In an idealized GCM with physics that closely approximates the assumptions in the advection‐condensation model, the reconstructed δ and q distribution are quite close to that in the model. When compared to an isotopic simulation from a full‐physics GCM nudged by reanalysis data, the advection‐condensation model reproduces the first‐order aspects of the δ and q distribution but underestimates the variability. In both cases, the errors can potentially be attributed to insufficient variability in the representation of domains contributing water vapor to the subtropical RH minimum and, in the case of the isotopic reanalysis, to the omission of cloud microphysics. This study suggests that long‐term monitoring of water vapor isotopic ratios may provide a way to distinguish between different mechanisms for the projected moistening of the subtropics.
The aim of this Australian based qualitative study was to better understand key drivers for mental health nurses to undertake training in psychotherapy, and how these capabilities are integrated into ...their clinical practice. Open ended reposes from a national survey of 153 mental health nurses were supplemented with data from 12 semi‐structured interviews of nurses with rich experience of integrating psychotherapy and mental health nursing capabilities. Key findings emerging from the thematic analysis were that mental health nurses are providing uniquely holistic psychotherapeutic services to consumers with often complex conditions, despite overtly hostile clinical and policy contexts. These often very well qualified mental health nurse psychotherapists are different to the traditional identity of either a nurse or psychotherapist. Recommendations from the findings of this study are that where appropriately qualified, mental health nurses be granted eligible provider status for existing Medicare funding items. Finally, training and building foundational capabilities in psychotherapy is highly recommended for all mental health nurses.
Use of surgery for the treatment of infective endocarditis (IE) as related to surgical indications and operative risk for mortality has not been well defined.
The International Collaboration on ...Endocarditis-PLUS (ICE-PLUS) is a prospective cohort of consecutively enrolled patients with definite IE from 29 centers in 16 countries. We included patients from ICE-PLUS with definite left-sided, non-cardiac device-related IE who were enrolled between September 1, 2008, and December 31, 2012. A total of 1296 patients with left-sided IE were included. Surgical treatment was performed in 57% of the overall cohort and in 76% of patients with a surgical indication. Reasons for nonsurgical treatment included poor prognosis (33.7%), hemodynamic instability (19.8%), death before surgery (23.3%), stroke (22.7%), and sepsis (21%). Among patients with a surgical indication, surgical treatment was independently associated with the presence of severe aortic regurgitation, abscess, embolization before surgical treatment, and transfer from an outside hospital. Variables associated with nonsurgical treatment were a history of moderate/severe liver disease, stroke before surgical decision, and Staphyloccus aureus etiology. The integration of surgical indication, Society of Thoracic Surgeons IE score, and use of surgery was associated with 6-month survival in IE.
Surgical decision making in IE is largely consistent with established guidelines, although nearly one quarter of patients with surgical indications do not undergo surgery. Operative risk assessment by Society of Thoracic Surgeons IE score provides prognostic information for survival beyond the operative period. S aureus IE was significantly associated with nonsurgical management.
The interannual variability of monsoon precipitation is described in the context of a convective quasi-equilibrium framework. Using two reanalysis products and two global precipitation datasets, the ...authors examine linear relationships between seasonal anomalies of precipitation and subcloud equivalent potential temperature (θ
eb) local to six monsoon regions. This approach provides a single near-surface thermodynamically relevant variable over both land and ocean, extending previous studies of interannual monsoon variability that emphasized ocean surface temperatures. After removing the variability linearly associated with an index of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, positive monsoon precipitation anomalies are shown to be associated with enhancedθ
eblocal to and slightly poleward of the climatologicalθ
ebmaximum. The variations in continentalθ
eblocal to the monsoon precipitation maxima are mainly due to variations in subcloud specific humidity, with changes in subcloud temperature having the opposite sign. Motivated by the fact that some of these subcloud humidity anomalies occur over deserts poleward of monsoon regions, the relationship of 700-hPa flow with precipitation is examined, and enhanced precipitation in several regions is found to covary with the properties of shallow meridional circulations. The implications of these results for the understanding of monsoon interannual variability are discussed.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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