Recombinant allergens improve the diagnostic precision in Hymenoptera venom allergy (HVA), in particular in patients with double sensitization to both honey bee (HBV) and yellow jacket venom (YJV). ...While currently available vespid allergens allow the detection of >95% of YJV‐allergic patients, the sensitization frequency to the only available HBV marker allergen rApi m 1 in HBV‐allergic patients is lower. Here, we demonstrate that sIgE to additional HBV marker allergens rApi m 3 and rApi m 10 allows the detection of genuine HBV sensitization in 46–65% of Api m 1 negative sera. This is of particular relevance in patients with double sensitization to HBV and YJV that did not identify the culprit insect. Addition of sIgE to rApi m 3 and rApi m 10 provides evidence of HBV sensitization in a large proportion of rApi m 1‐negative patients and thus provides a diagnostic marker and rationale for VIT treatment with HBV, which otherwise would have been missing.
Summary
Background
Data on molecular allergy diagnostics in adults with grass pollen allergy with regard to conjunctival and nasal provocation test outcome and specific immunotherapy are lacking to ...date.
Objective
To assess whether molecular allergy diagnostics for grass pollen allergens could help with predicting provocation test outcomes and serve as a basis for future component‐resolved specific immunotherapy.
Methods
Sera of 101 adults with grass pollen allergy was analysed for IgE against timothy grass pollen (Phleum pratense), rPhl p 1, rPhl p 2, nPhl p 4, rPhl p 5b, rPhl p 6, rPhl p 7, rPhl p 11 and rPhl p12 and correlated with the individuals' outcome in the nasal and conjunctival provocation tests and investigated in regard to a potential component‐resolved specific immunotherapy.
Results
An increasing number of sensitizations to timothy grass allergens was correlated to a positive reaction in the conjunctival (4.9 vs. 3.6, P = 0.003) and nasal provocation tests (4.5 vs. 2.2, P = 0.0175). In molecular sensitization profiles, a substantial heterogeneity was detected, with none of the patients exactly matching the allergen composition of a previously published component‐resolved specific immunotherapy containing Phl p 1, Phl p 2, Phl p 5a/b and Phl p 6. The results indicate that in 95% of the patients, a proportion of 50% of timothy‐IgE would be targeted with such a specific immunotherapy, while in 50% and 10% of patients, 80% and 90% of timothy‐IgE would be targeted, respectively.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Molecular allergy diagnostics is a prerequisite for future component‐resolved specific immunotherapy due to the high heterogeneity of sensitization profiles. However, of current clinical relevance is the observed correlation between the number of sensitizations and provocation test outcome.
To cite this article: Pfab F, Huss-Marp J, Gatti A, Fuqin J, Athanasiadis GI, Irnich D, Raap U, Schober W, Behrendt H, Ring J, Darsow U. Influence of acupuncture on type I hypersensitivity itch and ...the wheal and flare response in adults with atopic eczema - a blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Allergy 2010; 65: 903-910. Itch is a major symptom of allergic skin disease. Acupuncture has been shown to exhibit a significant effect on histamine-induced itch in healthy volunteers. We investigated the effect of acupuncture on type I hypersensitivity itch and skin reaction in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. An allergen stimulus (house dust mite or grass pollen skin prick) was applied to 30 patients with atopic eczema before (direct effect) and after (preventive effect) two experimental approaches or control observation: acupuncture at points Quchi and Xuehai verum acupuncture (VA), dominant side, 'placebo-point' acupuncture (PA, dominant side), no acupuncture (NA). Itch intensity was recorded on a visual analogue scale. After 10 min, wheal and flare size and skin perfusion (via LASER-Doppler) were measured at the stimulus site, and the validated Eppendorf Itch Questionnaire (EIQ) was answered. Mean itch intensity was significantly lower in VA (35.7 ± 6.4) compared to NA (45.9 ± 7.8) and PA (40.4 ± 5.8) regarding the direct effect; and significantly lower in VA (34.3 ± 7.1) and PA (37.8 ± 5.6) compared to NA (44.6 ± 6.2) regarding the preventive effect. In the preventive approach, mean wheal and flare size were significantly smaller in VA (0.38 ± 0.12 cm²/8.1 ± 2.0 cm²) compared to PA (0.54 ± 0.13 cm²/13.5 ± 2.8 cm²) and NA (0.73 ± 0.28 cm²/15.1 ± 4.1 cm²), and mean perfusion in VA (72.4 ± 10.7) compared to NA (84.1 ± 10.7). Mean EIQ ratings were significantly lower in VA compared to NA and PA in the treatment approach; and significantly lower in VA and PA compared to NA in the preventive approach. Acupuncture at the correct points showed a significant reduction in type I hypersensitivity itch in patients with atopic eczema. With time the preventive point-specific effect diminished with regard to subjective itch sensation, whereas it increased in suppressing skin-prick reactions.
Background
Itch is the major symptom of atopic dermatitis (AD). Acupuncture has been shown to exhibit a significant effect on experimental itch in AD. Our study evaluated acupuncture and ...antihistamine itch therapy (cetirizine) on type I hypersensitivity itch and skin reaction in AD using a patient and examiner‐blinded, randomized, placebo‐controlled, crossover trial.
Methods
Allergen‐induced itch was evaluated in 20 patients with AD after several interventions in separate sessions: preventive (preceding) and abortive (concurrent) verum acupuncture (VAp and VAa), cetirizine (10 mg, VC), corresponding placebo interventions (preventive, PAp, and abortive, PAa, placebo acupuncture; placebo cetirizine pill, PC) and a no‐intervention control (NI). Itch was induced on the forearm and temperature modulated over 20 min, using our validated model. Outcome parameters included itch intensity, wheal and flare size and the D2 attention test.
Results
Mean itch intensity (SE: 0.31 each) was significantly lower following VAa (31.9) compared with all other groups (PAa: 36.5; VC: 36.8; VAp: 37.6; PC: 39.8; PAp: 39.9; NI: 45.7; P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between VAp and VC (P > 0.1), although both therapies were significantly superior to their respective placebo interventions (P < 0.05). Flare size following VAp was significantly smaller (P = 0.034) than that following PAp. D2 attention test score was significantly lower following VC compared with all other groups (P < 0.001).
Conclusions
Both VA and cetirizine significantly reduced type I hypersensitivity itch in patients with AD, compared with both placebo and NI. Timing of acupuncture application was important, as VAa had the most significant effect on itch, potentially because of counter‐irritation and/or distraction. Itch reduction following cetirizine coincided with reduced attention.
Itch is the major symptom of many allergic diseases; yet it is still difficult to measure objectively. The aim of this study was to use an evaluated itch stimulus model in lesional (LS) and ...nonlesional (NLS) atopic eczema (AE) skin and to characterize cerebral responses using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Thermal modulation was performed on a histamine stimulus in randomized order on LS or NLS in rapid alternating order from 32°C (warm) to 25°C (cold). Subjective itch ratings were recorded. Additionally, fMRI measurements were used to analyze the cerebral processing (n = 13). Healthy skin (HS) of age-matched volunteers served as control (n = 9). Mean VAS itch intensity was significantly (P < 0.0001) higher during the relative cold 55.2 ± 8.3% (LS); 48.6 ± 8.2% (NLS) compared to the relative warm blocks 36.0 ± 7.3% (LS); 33.7 ± 7.6% (NLS). Compared to HS, the itch response was delayed in LS and NLS. Itch intensity was perceived highest in LS, followed by NLS and HS. For NLS, fMRI revealed at the beginning of the itch provocation a cerebral deactivation pattern in itch processing structures (thalamus, prefrontal, cingulate, insular, somatosensory and motor cortex). During the course of stimulation, the cerebral deactivation was reduced with time and instead an activation of the basal ganglia occurred. In contrast LS showed an activation instead of deactivation pattern already at the beginning of the stimulation in the above mentioned structures. Moderate short-term temperature modulation led to a reproducible, significant enhancement of histamine-induced itch with the strongest effect in LS. The differences in itch perception and itch kinetics between healthy volunteers and NLS in patients point towards an ongoing central inhibitory activity patients with AE, especially at the beginning of the itch provocation.
The ImmunoCAP ISAC 112 platform is the only commercially available molecular allergy IgE multiplex test. Data on the comparison of this rather novel test with the molecular singleplex ImmunoCAP IgE ...platform are lacking.
To compare the multiplex ISAC 112 platform and the singleplex ImmunoCAP platform in regard to IgE to grass pollen allergens in untreated grass pollen-allergic patients in Germany.
Serum samples from 101 adults with grass pollen allergy were analyzed for specific IgE (sIgE) to 8 allergenic molecules from timothy grass pollen and to the 112 allergenic molecules included in the ISAC panel. The results for the multiplex and singleplex tests were subsequently analyzed statistically.
Comparison of sIgE to grass pollen allergens detected by ISAC 112 and the singleplex ImmunoCAP assay revealed the following correlation coefficients: 0.88 (rPhl p 1), 0.96 (rPhl p 2), 0.70 (nPhl p 4), 0.94 (rPhl p 5b), 0.92 (rPhl p 6), 0.85 (rPhl p 11), and 0.78 (rPhl p 12).
Molecular testing with ISAC 112 correlates well with the ImmunoCAP platform for respective molecular timothy grass pollen allergens.
Summary
Background The role of atopy in the pathophysiology of eczema is still under debate. The concept and analyses of the nonatopic and atopic subtypes of eczema have gained increasing interest ...in recent studies. The course of these subtypes and differences between boys and girls have not been investigated so far.
Objectives To examine the course of nonatopic and atopic eczema in preschool children from Germany with regard to sex.
Methods Repeated cross‐sectional studies were performed in 5–7‐year‐old preschool children from Germany between 1994 and 2000. Individuals with eczema were identified by a dermatological examination. In addition to a questionnaire, skin prick tests and analyses of serum IgE antibodies against seven and five environmental allergens, respectively, were performed. Atopy was defined by sensitization to at least one of five common aeroallergens (birch, grass and mugwort pollen, house dust mites, cat dander). In part of the study population investigations of spare time behaviour and skin function were carried out (including stratum corneum hydration and skin surface pH).
Results A total of 2693 girls and 2783 boys underwent a full dermatological examination of the skin and determination of sensitization. Among the girls, 8·7% demonstrated eczema clinically at the day of investigation in contrast to 6·1% of the boys. In girls, early onset eczema (< 2 years of age) was strongly related to atopy at age 5–7 years odds ratio (OR) 3·7; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·7–5·1, whereas late‐onset eczema (≥ 2 years of age) was not (OR 1·0; 95% CI 0·7–1·5). Boys were more often atopic at the age of 5–7 years than girls (28·3% vs. 20·6%), and early and late‐onset eczema were related to atopy without such a difference (OR 2·8, 95% CI 2·0–4·0; OR 1·9, 95% CI 1·3–2·8, respectively). The excess of current eczema in 5–7‐year‐old girls compared with boys was related to the nonatopic type. The higher susceptibility of girls in that age group to develop eczema was reflected by the skin physiological examination: even girls without eczema had significantly higher skin surface pH and lower stratum corneum hydration than boys. Additionally, questionnaire data revealed that girls more often than boys predominantly played indoors, which was associated with more eczema.
Conclusions Atopy and eczema develop differently in boys and girls. Boys are more often atopic, whereas girls suffer significantly more often from eczema without relation to atopy. The nonatopic type of eczema in preschool girls is noticed predominantly after their second birthday. Genetic and lifestyle factors may contribute to this difference.
Summary
Background
There is minimal data available concerning the dose–response relationship between allergen exposure and clinical reactivity for outdoor aeroallergens, such as timothy grass pollen. ...Timothy pollen‐specific IgE (sIgE) determinations might assist in predicting the clinical reactivity in patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC).
Methods
Allergen‐sIgE antibody levels of timothy grass pollen were correlated with individual threshold doses eliciting allergic reactions in skin prick test (SPT), conjunctival (CPT) and nasal (NPT) provocation tests in patients suffering from pollen‐induced rhinoconjunctivitis and healthy controls.
Results
One hundred and four patients with ARC (median age: 27 years; range: 18–64; females: 58%) and 36 controls (25 years (22–77); females: 70%) were included in the study. Ninety‐six percent of the patients showed a positive reaction in the nasal and 57% showed a positive reaction in the conjunctival provocation. With regarding to titrated SPT, 98% of the patients showed a positive skin test reaction; correlating with the level of sIgE for timothy (P<0.001). For both provocation protocols, there was no correlation between the provocation concentration at the reaction and the level of sIgE for timothy. The ratio of sIgE/total IgE correlated with the dilution level of SPT (P<0.002) and CPT (P<0.01), respectively.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
A dose–response relationship between the levels of sIgE and clinical outcome of timothy allergen exposure could not be established. Although IgE‐determination remains an important key element in allergy diagnosis, provocation tests are procedures of choice if the clinical relevance of an allergen has to be confirmed.
Cite this as: J. Huss‐Marp, U. Darsow, K. Brockow, F. Pfab, I. Weichenmeier, W. Schober, C. J. Petersson, M. P. Borres, J. Ring and H. Behrendt, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2011 (41) 1116–1124.
Summary
Background
Epidemiological studies indicate environmental pollutants to be involved in the increase in the prevalence of allergic diseases. In human exposure studies, volatile organic ...compounds (VOCs) have been shown to cause exacerbations of allergic asthma whereas, no data concerning atopic eczema (AE) are available.
Objective
We investigated the effect of airborne VOCs on the skin of patients with AE and controls in the presence or absence of house dust mite allergen, Der p 1.
Methods
In a double‐blind crossover study, 12 adults with AE and 12 matched healthy volunteers were exposed on their forearms to Der p 1 and subsequently to a mixture of 22 VOCs (M22, 5 mg/m3) in a total body exposure chamber for 4 h. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin blood flow were measured in all subjects before, during and after exposure. Additionally, an atopy patch test (APT) with Der p 1 was applied to the skin after exposure.
Results
A significant increase in transepidermal water loss was observed 48 h after exposure to VOCs as compared with exposure with filtered air in all individuals (mean difference: +34%; 95% Confidence Interval: 7–69%). Prior Der p 1 exposure resulted in a significant rise of dermal blood flow after 48 h in patients with AE but not in controls. Six out of seven patients showed enhanced atopy patch test (APT) reactions to HDM allergen after previous exposure to VOCs.
Conclusion
Our results show that exposure to VOCs – at concentrations commonly found in indoor environments – can damage the epidermal barrier and enhance the adverse effect of Der p 1 on sensitized subjects with AE. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the increase in prevalence and exacerbation of AE.
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