An interleaved saturation recovery/inversion recovery (SR/IR) pulse sequence allows the sign of the IR signal to be retained even if images are formed from the magnitude of the two-dimensional ...complex Fourier transforms of the raw data. Synthesis of images by a linear combination of SR and signed IR pixel values has proved a valuable method of relaxation time (T1) contrast manipulation without the need to re-image the slice. Linear combination has also allowed IR images with a wide range of time-to-inversion (TI) values to be synthesized from an SR/IR pair obtained with TI = 200 ms and time-to-recovery (TR) = 1000 ms, thus avoiding the need for computationally intensive calculations based on complicated relaxation equations.
BACKGROUND The mitochondrial DNA mutation A3302G in the tRNALeu(UUR) gene causes respiratory chain complex I deficiency. The main clinical feature appears to be a progressive mitochondrial myopathy ...with proximal muscle weakness. OBJECTIVE To report on clinical and molecular features in 4 novel patients with the A3302G mutation. DESIGN Case reports. PATIENTS Four patients (3 of whom are from the same family) with a myopathy caused by the A3302G mitochondrial DNA mutation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Identification of the A3302G mutation by DNA sequencing. RESULTS All 4 patients had an adult-onset progressive mitochondrial myopathy with proximal muscle weakness, resulting in exercise intolerance. In 2 unrelated patients, upper limb reflexes were absent with preservation of at least some lower limb reflexes. Other features including hearing loss, recurrent headaches, ptosis, progressive external ophthalmoplegia, and depression were present. CONCLUSION While the dominant clinical features of the A3302G mutation were exercise intolerance and proximal muscle weakness, other features of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, previously not described for this mutation, were present.Arch Neurol. 2005;62:1920-1923-->
Sir Astley Paston Cooper (1768-1841) was a successful and influential British surgeon during the early decades of the 19th century. He was a dedicated anatomist, an accomplished researcher, an ...inspiring teacher, and a skillful surgeon. Cooper published about the cause and treatment of Dupuytren's disease 10 years before Dupuytren. His contributions were widespread and substantially advanced the understanding and treatment of breast disease, vascular aneurysms, and abdominal wall hernias, along with orthopedic, otologic, and hand surgery. His contributions to surgical science have endured and are being used today.
The brains of mice with congenital ocular toxoplasmosis were examined histologically. Toxoplasma tissue cysts and a subacute/chronic meningo-encephalitis were present in the brains of all infected ...mice. The findings were very similar to those seen in human congenital toxoplasmosis. The murine model of congenital toxoplasmic encephalitis described in this paper will be valuable in the study of the pathogenesis, natural history and treatment of this condition.
This paper takes a critical look at the conventional view that the dollar exchange rate appreciation during the early 1980s caused a major resource shift in the U.S. economy away from tradables ...production, such as manufactures, toward nontradables production. We argue that the association of a dollar appreciation with relative strength or weakness in the tradable goods sector depends on the particular shock causing the appreciation, and consequently that the relation between exchange rates and the sectoral composition of output is unlikely to be stable over time. Our empirical analysis finds evidence of instability in the exchange rate–sectoral output link and of a positive association between tradables output and fiscal stimulus.
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