Poultry red mite (PRM), the ectoparasitic mite Dermanyssus gallinae found in laying hen farms, is a significant threat to poultry production and human health worldwide. It is a suspected disease ...vector and attacks hosts’ other than chickens, including humans, and its economic importance has increased greatly. Different strategies to control PRM have been widely tested and investigated. In principle, several synthetic pesticides have been applied to control PRM. However, recent alternative control methods to avoid the side effects of pesticides have been introduced, although many remain in the early stage of commercialization. In particular, advances in material science have made various materials more affordable as alternatives for controlling PRM through physical interactions between PRM. This review provides a summary of PRM infestation, and then includes a discussion and comparison of different conventional approaches: 1) organic substances, 2) biological approaches, and 3) physical inorganic material treatment. The advantages of inorganic materials are discussed in detail, including the classification of materials, as well as the physical mechanism-induced effect on PRM. In this review, we also consider the perspective of using several synthetic inorganic materials to suggest novel strategies for improved monitoring and better information regarding treatment interventions.
Immobilization is a key technology for successful realization of enzyme‐based industrial processes, particularly for production of green and sustainable energy or chemicals from biomass‐derived ...catalytic conversion. Different methods to immobilize enzymes are critically reviewed. In principle, enzymes are immobilized via three major routes (i) binding to a support, (ii) encapsulation or entrapment, or (iii) cross‐linking (carrier free). As a result, immobilizing enzymes on certain supports can enhance storage and operational stability. In addition, recent breakthroughs in nano and hybrid technology have made various materials more affordable hosts for enzyme immobilization. This review discusses different approaches to improve enzyme stability in various materials such as nanoparticles, nanofibers, mesoporous materials, sol–gel silica, and alginate‐based microspheres. The advantages of stabilized enzyme systems are from its simple separation and ease recovery for reuse, while maintaining activity and selectivity. This review also considers the latest studies conducted on different enzymes immobilized on various support materials with immense potential for biosensor, antibiotic production, food industry, biodiesel production, and bioremediation, because stabilized enzyme systems are expected to be environmental friendly, inexpensive, and easy to use for enzyme‐based industrial applications.
The incorporation of stimuli-responsive elastic components within wearable sensors holds excellent potential for reinforcing structural features as well as improving high-performance detection ...capabilities. Herein, we report the development of a highly sensitive electronic skin (e-skin) sensor that is based on incorporating natural, elastic microcapsules within a biomimetic architecture, and this design represents a new biologically-inspired approach to design wearable sensors. Configured as a pressure sensor, the device exhibited the lowest reported limit of detection for applied pressure (1.6Pa) and discriminated between multiple spatiotemporal tactile stimuli under both static and dynamic pressure conditions. Furthermore, the device displayed high stability over 25,000 cycles and inclusion of the natural microcapsules imparted hydrophobic character that facilitated waterproofing for all-weather use. This work opens new directions for incorporating stimuli-responsive microcapsules into e-skin sensor designs as well as highlights the potential of utilizing natural biomaterials to improve the performance and functionality of bioelectronic devices.
A biocompatible and waterproof biomimetic electronic skin sensor was fabricated based on an interlocked 3D matrix rubber with natural microcapsules. The functionalized natural microcapsules were rationally engineered and loaded into a conductive material with excellent hydrophobicity and toughness. The sensor surface exhibited high-performance sensor capabilities for the precise perception of multiple spatiotemporal tactile stimuli and was durable amidst water exposure. Display omitted
•Natural microcapsules provide a highly sensitive actuating element for e-skin sensors and wearable electronics.•3D composite architecture enables excellent durability and ultrahigh sensitivity.•Human physiological signals can be monitored in real-time.•Device enables precise mapping of spatiotemporal pressure distribution.
Multienzymatic cascade reactions are a most important technology to succeed in industrial process development, such as synthesis of pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and nutritional compounds. Different ...strategies to construct multienzyme structures have been widely reported. Enzymes complexes are designed by three types of routes: (i) fusion proteins, (ii) enzyme scaffolds, or (iii) immobilization. As a result, enzyme complexes can enhance cascade enzymatic activity through substrate channeling. In particular, recent advances in materials science have led to syntheses of various materials applicable for enzyme immobilization. This review discusses different cases for assembling multienzyme complexes via random co-immobilization, compartmentalization, and positional co-immobilization. The advantages of using immobilized multienzymes include not only improved cascade enzymatic activity via substrate channeling but also enhanced enzyme stability and ease of recovery for reuse. In this review, we also consider the latest studies of different model enzyme reactions immobilized on various support materials, as multienzyme systems allow for economical product synthesis through bioprocesses.
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•Tetrahydrocurcumin entrapped hybrid colloid as food additive was assembled and investigated.•The oral administration of TCCHC can alleviate the symptoms of atopic dermatitis in ...NC/Nga animal model.•TCCHC might be a promising new functional food additive for AD patients.
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory disease that is primarily characterized by pruritus. AD is a multifactorial disease related to epidermal barrier disruption, which mainly occurs during infancy and childhood. Although AD is usually associated with multiple causes, including elevated IgE levels and environmental factors, the pathogenesis and etiology of AD are not fully understood. Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) is a major metabolite of curcumin, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, chemopreventive, anti-bacterial, anti-dyslipidemic, and anti-aging activities, and is known to be effective against AD symptoms. To improve the efficiency of delivery in vivo, we synthesized a tetrahydrocurcumin-entrapped calcium carbonate hybrid colloid (TCCHC). To elucidate the efficacy of the TCCHC in an AD mouse model, we determined for the first time, whether TCCHC can attenuate AD in an in vivo NC/Nga mouse model. When applied subcutaneously into NC/Nga mice repeatedly treated with house dust mite antigens, TCCHC could reduce symptoms, such as clinical score, serum IgE levels, ear thickness, mast cell infiltration, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and CD86+ cells in skin lesions. TCCHC also significantly reduced the gene expression of various inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in the serum of Nc/Nga mice. Altogether, these results suggest that TCCHC can alleviate the symptoms of AD and is a promising food additive for AD patients.
Testicular torsion is a urologic emergency induced by torsion of the spermatic cord, interrupting blood circulation to the testis. Therapeutic options for testicular torsion, except surgical ...restoration of testis, are rarely applied in clinical practice. This study, therefore, investigated whether topical application of nitrite (NO2-) is beneficial in tissue damage due to testicular ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. Pubertal Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to seven groups: group A, sham-operated control group; group B, I/R with no treatment; groups C, D, and E, I/R followed by treatment with three different doses of nitrite; group F, I/R followed by administration of nitrite and a NO scavenger, C-PTIO (2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt); and group G, I/R followed by administration of nitrate (NO3-). Unilateral testicular ischemia was maintained for 5 h, followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Nitrite and nitrate were topically administered before reperfusion. Compared to group A, germ cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzymatic function, and lipid peroxidation were significantly increased, along with abnormal morphology and impaired spermatogenesis in group B (P<0.05). In contrast, testicular damage was generally attenuated in the nitrite treatment groups due to a reduction in superoxide and peroxynitrite levels and the inhibition of caspase-3-dependent apoptosis (P<0.05 vs. group B). These therapeutic effects of nitrite-derived NO were suppressed after injection of C-PTIO, which showed in group F. Taken together, our results demonstrate that topical application of nitrite may be one of the therapeutic strategies for testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury.
A two-stage continuous process was developed for improved silica extraction from rice husk. The two-stage continuous process consists of attrition ball milling and alkaline leaching methods. To find ...the optimum conditions for the continuous process, the effects of alkaline leaching parameters, such as the alkaline solution type and reaction conditions, on the silica extraction yield were investigated in a batch process. The use of NaOH showed a slightly higher silica yield than KOH. The optimum reaction conditions were found to be 0.2 M, 80 °C, 3 h, and 6% (w/v) for the reaction concentration, temperature, duration time, and solid content, respectively. Attrition ball milling was used to make micron-sized rice husk particles and to improve the fluidity of the rice husk slurry. The two-stage continuous process was performed using optimum conditions as determined based on the results of the batch experiment. The two-stage continuous extraction was stably operated for 80 h with an 89% silica yield. During the operation, the solid content remained consistent at 6% (w/v). The obtained silica was characterized using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP–OES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method.
Biomineralized uniform and well-organized calcium carbonate microspheres were synthesized for enzyme immobilization, and the immobilized enzyme was successfully stabilized. The physicochemical ...parameters of calcium carbonate were studied using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and surface area measurement. Additionally, Barrett-Joyner-Halenda adsorption/desorption analysis showed that the calcium carbonate microspheres provided efficient mesopore space for enzyme loading. As a model enzyme, carboxyl esterase (CE) was entrapped and then cross-linked to form an enzyme structure. In this aggregate, the cross-linked enzymes cannot leach out from mesopores, resulting in enzyme stability. The hydrolytic activities of the free and cross-linked enzymes were analyzed over broad temperature and pH ranges. The cross-linked enzyme displayed better activity than the free enzyme. Furthermore, the immobilized CE was found to be stable for more than 30 days, preserving 60% of its initial activity even after being reused more than 10 times. This report is expected to be the first demonstration of a stabilized cross-linked enzyme system in calcium carbonate microspheres, which can be applied in enzyme catalyzed reactions involved in bioprocessing, bioremediation, and bioconversion.
Effective preservation of enzyme activity is required for using immobilized enzymes to catalyze reactions. To this end, the co-immobilization of an enzyme and nanoparticles in a nanosphere system ...using a reverse microemulsion is proposed. Iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) and carboxyl esterase (CE) were encapsulated in spherical mesoporous silica nanospheres. After immobilization, the encapsulated CE retained approximately 10.9% of the specific activity of free CE for the hydrolysis reaction. Regarding its stability during storage, the immobilized CE retained 52% and 30% of its initial activity after 30 days at 25 °C and under rigorous incubation conditions, respectively. Utilizing this magnetically separable property enabled the immobilized CE to be recycled 13 times through easy magnetic separation. The encapsulation of CE in silica nanospheres improved the efficiency of the enzymatic reactions by reducing the mass transfer limitation without any structural changes upon immobilization. This is the first demonstration of the co-encapsulation of MNPs and enzymes in mesoporous silica nanospheres to form stabilized and immobilized enzyme systems for biocatalytic applications.
•Co-immobilization of CE and MNPs into mesoporous silica nanospheres was assembled.•They preserved 13 reuse cycles with 30 days of storage, with magnetic separability.•Efficient demonstration of a nanobiocatalyst, resulting in a stabilized enzyme.
In this study, the formation of protein microspheres through lysosomal enzyme-assisted biomineralized crystallization was demonstrated. Spherical micro-sized hybrid CaCO
3
constructs were synthesized ...and characterized using field-emission scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and particle size analysis. Additionally, parameters such as the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and single-point total pore volume, and adsorption/desorption analysis were used to investigate the mesoporous properties, which are advantageous for lysosomal enzyme (LE) loading. A LE can be used as an organic template, not only as a morphological controller but also for entrapping LE during the crystallization pathway. The hybrid protein microspheres accommodated 2.3 mg of LE with a 57% encapsulation efficiency and 5.1 wt% loading. The peroxidase activity of the microspheres was calculated and found to be approximately 0.0238 mM
−1
min
−1
. pH-responsive release of the LE from CaCO
3
was observed, suggesting potential biomedical and cosmetic applications in acidic environments. The hybrid LE microsphere treatment significantly alleviated melanin production in a dose-dependent manner and further downregulated the mRNA expression of MITF, tyrosinase, TYRP-1, and TYRP-2. These results indicate skin-whitening effects by inhibiting melanin without inducing cytotoxicity. The data provide the first evidence of the potential use of a LE for obtaining hybrid minerals and the effectiveness of biomineralization-based sustainable delivery of enzyme-based vehicles based on organelle-extract-assisted biomineralization.
In this study, the formation of protein microspheres through lysosomal enzyme-assisted biomineralized crystallization was demonstrated.
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