Abstract
Aim
To evaluate the population effectiveness of stop‐smoking medications while accounting for potential recall bias by controlling for quit attempt recency.
Design
Prospective cohort survey.
...Setting
U
nited
K
ingdom,
C
anada,
A
ustralia and the
U
nited
S
tates.
Participants
A total of 7436 adult smokers (18+ years) selected via random digit dialling and interviewed as part of the
I
nternational
T
obacco
C
ontrol
F
our
C
ountry
S
urvey (
ITC
‐4) between 2002 and 2009. Primary analyses utilized the subset of respondents who participated in 2006 or later (
n
= 2550).
Measurements
Continuous abstinence from smoking for 1 month/6 months.
Findings
Among participants who recalled making a quit attempt within 1 month of interview, those who reported using varenicline, bupropion or nicotine patch were more likely to maintain 6‐month continuous abstinence from smoking compared to those who attempted to quit without medication adjusted odds ratio (
OR)
5.84, 95% confidence interval (
CI
) (2.12–16.12), 3.94 (0.87–17.80), 4.09 (1.72–9.74), respectively; there were no clear effects for oral
NRT
use. Those who did not use any medication when attempting to quit tended to be younger, to be racial/ethnic minorities, to have lower incomes and to believe that medications do not make quitting easier.
Conclusions
Consistent with evidence from randomized controlled trials, smokers in the United Kingdom,
C
anada,
A
ustralia and the United States are more likely to succeed in quit attempts if they use varenicline, bupropion or nicotine patch. Previous population studies that failed to find an effect failed to control adequately for important sources of bias.
A1. Infant feeding and poverty: a public health perspective in a global context
Lisa H. Amir
A2. Mothers’ experiences with galactagogues for lactation: an exploratory cross sectional study
Alessandra ...Bazzano, Shelley Thibeau, Katherine P. Theall
A3. The motherhood journey and breastfeeding: from self-efficacy to resilience and social stigma
Anna Blair, Karin Cadwell
A4. Breastfeeding as an evolutionary adaptive behavior
Emily A. Bronson
A5. Conflict-of-interest in public health policy: as real as that logo on your website
Elizabeth C. Brooks
A6. Co-opting sisterhood and motherhood: behind the scenes of Similac’s aggressive social media campaigns
Jodine Chase
A7. The exclusion of women from the definition of exclusive breastfeeding
Ellen Chetwynd, Rebecca Costello, Kathryn Wouk
A8. Healthy maternity policies in the workplace: a state health department’s experience with the “Bring Your Infant to Work” program
Lindsey Dermid-Gray
A9. Implications for a paradigm shift: factors related to breastfeeding among African American women
Stephanie Devane-Johnson, Cheryl Woods Giscombe, Miriam Labbok
A10. Social experiences of breastfeeding: building bridges between research and policy: an ESRC-funded seminar series in the UK
Sally Dowling
A11. Manager’s perspectives of lactation breaks
Melanie Fraser
A12. The challenging second night: a dialogue from two perspectives
Jane Grassley, Deborah McCarter-Spaulding, Becky Spencer
A13. The role of lactation consultants in two council breastfeeding services in Melbourne, Australia – some preliminary impressions
Jennifer Hocking, Pranee Liamputtong
A14. Integrating social marketing and community engagement concepts in community breastfeeding programs
Sheree H. Keitt, Harumi Reis-Reilly
A15. What happens before and after the maternity stay? Creating a community-wide Ten Steps approach
Miriam Labbok
A16. #RVABREASTFEEDS: cultivating a breastfeeding-friendly community
Leslie Lytle
A17. Public health vs. free trade: a longitudinal analysis of a global policy to protect breastfeeding
Mary Ann Merz
A18. Legislative advocacy and grassroots organizing for improved breastfeeding laws in Virginia
Kate Noon
A19. Breastfeeding and the rights of incarcerated women
Krista M Olson
A20. Barriers and support for Puerto Rican breastfeeding working mothers
Ana M. Parrilla-Rodríguez, José J. Gorrín-Peralta Melissa Pellicier, Zeleida M. Vázquez-Rivera
A21. Pumping at work: a daily struggle for Puerto Rican breastfeeding mothers in spite of the law
Melissa Pellicier
A22. “I saw a wrong and I wanted to stand up for what I thought was right:” a narrative study on becoming a breastfeeding activist
Jennifer L. Pemberton
A23. Peer breastfeeding support: advocacy and action
Catherine McEvilly Pestl
A24. Good intentions: a study of breastfeeding intention and postpartum realities among first-time Central Brooklyn mothers
Jennifer Pierre, Philip Noyes, Khushbu Srivastava, Sharon Marshall-Taylor
A25. Women describing the infant feeding choice: the impact of the WIC breastfeeding classes on infant feeding practices in Ionia, Michigan
Jennifer Proto, Sarah Hyland Laurie Brinks
A26. Local and state programs and national partnership to reduce disparities through community breastfeeding support
Harumi Reis-Reilly, Martelle Esposito, Megan Phillippi
A27. Beyond black breastfeeding week: instagram image content analysis for #blackwomendobreastfeed/#bwdbf
Cynthia L. Sears, Delores James, Cedric Harville, Kristina Carswell
A28. Stakeholder views of breastfeeding education in the K-12 environment: a review of the literature
Nicola Singletary, L. Suzanne Goodell, April Fogleman
A29. “The Breastfeeding Transition”: a framework for explaining changes in global breastfeeding rates as related to large-scale forces shaping the status of women
Paige Hall Smith
A30. Breastfeeding, contraception, and ethics, oh my! Advocacy and informed decision-making in the post-partum period
Alison M. Stuebe, Amy G. Bryant, Anne Drapkin Lyerly
A31. A hard day’s night: juggling nighttime breastfeeding, sleep, and work
Cecilia Tomori
A32. Empowering change in Indian country through breastfeeding education
Amanda L. Watkins, Joan E. Dodgson
A33. Servants and “Little Mothers” take charge: work, class, and breastfeeding rates in the early 20
th
-century U.S.
Jacqueline H. Wolf
Exposure to tobacco product marketing promotes the initiation, continuation, and reuptake of cigarette smoking and as a result the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control ...(WHO FCTC) has called upon member Parties to enact comprehensive bans on tobacco advertising and promotion. This study examines the immediate and long term effectiveness of advertising restrictions enacted in different countries on exposure to different forms of product marketing, and examines differences in exposure across different socioeconomic status (SES) groups. Nationally representative data from the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and the United States, collected from adult smokers between 2002 and 2008 using the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey (ITC-4), were used in this study (N = 21,615). In light of the specific marketing regulation changes that occurred during the course of this study period, changes in awareness of tobacco marketing via various channels were assessed for each country, and for different SES groups within countries. Tobacco marketing regulations, once implemented, were associated with significant reductions in smokers’ reported awareness of pro-smoking cues, and the observed reductions were greatest immediately following the enactment of regulations. Changes in reported awareness were generally the same across different SES groups, although some exceptions were noted. While tobacco marketing regulations have been effective in reducing exposure to certain types of product marketing there still remain gaps, especially with regard to in-store marketing and price promotions.
Exposure to tobacco product marketing promotes the initiation, continuation, and reuptake of cigarette smoking and as a result the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control ...(WHO FCTC) has called upon member Parties to enact comprehensive bans on tobacco advertising and promotion. This study examines the immediate and long term effectiveness of advertising restrictions enacted in different countries on exposure to different forms of product marketing, and examines differences in exposure across different socioeconomic status (SES) groups. Nationally representative data from the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and the United States, collected from adult smokers between 2002 and 2008 using the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey (ITC-4), were used in this study (N = 21,615). In light of the specific marketing regulation changes that occurred during the course of this study period, changes in awareness of tobacco marketing via various channels were assessed for each country, and for different SES groups within countries. Tobacco marketing regulations, once implemented, were associated with significant reductions in smokers’ reported awareness of pro-smoking cues, and the observed reductions were greatest immediately following the enactment of regulations. Changes in reported awareness were generally the same across different SES groups, although some exceptions were noted. While tobacco marketing regulations have been effective in reducing exposure to certain types of product marketing there still remain gaps, especially with regard to in-store marketing and price promotions.
PDF
