ABO‐incompatible living kidney transplantation (ABO‐ILKT) has steadily become more widespread. However, the optimal immunosuppressive regimen for ABO‐ILKT remains uncertain. We aimed to determine the ...longitudinal changes in the outcomes from ABO‐ILKT compared with those from ABO‐compatible living kidney transplantation (ABO‐CLKT) over the last 25 years. Of 1195 patients who underwent living kidney transplantations (LKT) at our institute between 1989 and 2013, 1032—including 247 ABO‐ILKT and 785 ABO‐CLKT cases—were evaluated for graft survival, patient survival, infectious adverse events, and renal function. The patients were divided into four groups according to the transplantation era and ABO‐compatibility. In the past decade, ABO‐ILKT and ABO‐CLKT recipients yielded almost equivalent outcomes with respect to the 9‐year graft survival rates, which were 86.9% and 92.0%, respectively (hazard ratio HR 1.38, 95% confidence interval CI 0.59–3.22, p = 0.455). The graft survival rate for ABO‐ILKT conducted between 2005 and 2013 was better than that for ABO‐ILKT conducted between 1998 and 2004 (HR 0.30, 95% CI 0.13–0.72, p = 0.007). ABO‐ILKT recipients showed substantial improvements in the graft survival rate over time. Graft survival was almost identical over the past decade, regardless of ABO‐incompatibility. Currently, ABO‐ILKT is an acceptable treatment for patients with end‐stage renal disease.
The authors determine the longitudinal changes in the outcomes from ABO‐incompatible living kidney transplantation over the last 25 years and conclude that ABO‐incompatible living kidney transplant recipients have experienced substantial improvements in graft survival rate, frequency of infectious adverse events, and renal function over time.
We have developed a special technique and succeeded to carry out small-angle x-ray scattering measurements for some liquid metal systems. The purpose is to investigate effects of transitions such as ...liquid-liquid (LLT), liquid-gas (LGT) and metal-nonmetal (MNMT) transitions on mesoscopic density fluctuations in liquids. In liquid Te systems (Se-Te and Ge-Te mixtures), which show continuous LLT accompanying MNMT, parameters of density fluctuations show maxima almost in the middle of the transition, both in strength and spatial size. This work (and Kajihara et al 2012 Phys. Rev. B86 214202) was the first direct observation that density fluctuations exhibit maximum corresponding to LLT. However in this study, we could not clearly separate the effects of LLT and MNMT on the observed density fluctuations. Thus, we also investigated fluid Hg under high pressure and high temperature conditions, which shows MNMT near a critical point of LGT, to investigate how MNMT affects them. We observed distinct density fluctuations; a strength and a correlation length of them show maxima at around a critical isochore of LGT, and the former is basically consistent with a phase diagram (compressibility) of LGT; they do not show any peaks at MNMT region. Precise analysis revealed that MNMT only affects a shift of another parameter, a short-range correlation length. These results in fluid Hg indicate that the density fluctuations are mainly derived from a critical phenomena of LGT and MNMT does not play any critical role on them. We believe that the latter conclusion also holds true for liquid Te systems; MNMT plays no important role on the density fluctuations in liquid Te systems and LLT is the main origin of them.
Transverse acoustic (TA) excitation modes were observed in inelastic x-ray scattering spectra of liquid Fe, Cu and Zn. From the analysis of current correlation functions, we concluded that TA ...excitation modes can experimentally be detected through the quasi-TA branches in the longitudinal current correlation spectra in these liquid metals. The microscopic elastic constants are estimated and a characteristic difference from macroscopic polycrystalline value was found in Poisson's ratio of liquid Fe, which shows an extremely softer value of ∼0.38 compared with the macroscopic value of ∼0.275. The lifetime of the TA modes were determined to be ∼0.45 ps for liquid Fe and Cu and ∼0.55 ps for liquid Zn, reflecting different interatomic correlations between liquid transition metals and non-transition metals. The propagation length of the TA modes are ∼0.85 nm in all of liquid metals, corresponding to the size of icosahedral or similar size of cages formed instantaneously in these liquid metals.
Background
In the tumor microenvironment, factors inhibiting the targeting of cancer cells by activated T cells have recently been noted. B7-H3 belongs to the B7 superfamily of immune regulatory ...ligands and plays an important role in the adaptive immune response of co-inhibitory/stimulatory factors in regulating T cells. However, the degree to which B7-H3 directly affects tumor immune evasion mechanisms remains unclear, particularly in patients with breast cancer. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are known as a key player in the inhibition of immune mechanisms. The present study demonstrated that expression of B7-H3 on tumor cells and the number of Tregs in the tumor microenvironment independently affected prognosis in breast cancer patients.
Methods
We immunohistochemically investigated the presence of B7-H3 and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)-positive Tregs in pathological specimens from 90 patients with breast cancer.
Results
Positive B7-H3 expression was associated with shorter recurrence-free survival (RFS) (
p
=
0.014). A higher percentage of Foxp3-positive cells also correlated with shorter RFS (
p
=
0.039). Multivariate analysis showed B7-H3 as an independent factor on RFS. Foxp3 expression in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) correlated significantly with larger tumor size (>2 cm), expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and higher nuclear grade (
p
=
0.003,
p
<
0.001,
p
=
0.001, respectively). No correlation was identified between expression of B7-H3 and the percentage of Foxp3-positive TILs.
Conclusions
B7-H3 and Foxp3 can be regarded as markers of poor prognosis in breast cancer. These expressions were not correlated, suggesting that B7-H3 expression plays an independent role in tumor immune evasion, regardless of Tregs.
Costimulatory signals are required for activation of immune cells, but it is not known whether they contribute to other biological systems. The development and homeostasis of the skeletal system ...depend on the balance between bone formation and resorption. Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) regulates the differentiation of bone-resorbing cells, osteoclasts, in the presence of macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF). But it remains unclear how RANKL activates the calcium signals that lead to induction of nuclear factor of activated T cells c1, a key transcription factor for osteoclastogenesis. Here we show that mice lacking immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-harbouring adaptors, Fc receptor common γ subunit (FcRγ) and DNAX-activating protein (DAP)12, exhibit severe osteopetrosis owing to impaired osteoclast differentiation. In osteoclast precursor cells, FcRγ and DAP12 associate with multiple immunoreceptors and activate calcium signalling through phospholipase Cγ. Thus, ITAM-dependent costimulatory signals activated by multiple immunoreceptors are essential for the maintenance of bone homeostasis. These results reveal that RANKL and M-CSF are not sufficient to activate the signals required for osteoclastogenesis.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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