Assuming that the degrees of freedom of a black hole are finite in number and of fermionic nature, we naturally obtain, within a second-quantized toy model of the evaporation, that the Bekenstein ...bound is a consequence of the Pauli exclusion principle for these fundamental degrees of freedom. We show that entanglement, Bekenstein, and thermodynamic entropies of the black hole all stem from the same approach, based on the entropy operator whose structure is the one typical of Takahashi and Umezawa's thermofield dynamics. We then evaluate the von Neumann black hole-environment entropy and noticeably obtain a Page-like evolution. We finally show that this is a consequence of a duality between our model and a quantum dissipativelike fermionic system.
Summary
Background
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are widely used as an alternative for warfarin. However, the impact of DOACs on mortality outcomes compared with warfarin remains unclear.
...Objective
To estimate the mortality outcomes in patients treated with DOACs vs. warfarin (or another vitamin K antagonist).
Methods
MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL databases (inception to September 2014), conference s and www.clinicaltrials.gov, were searched, without language restriction. Studies were selected if there were phase III, randomized trials comparing DOACs with warfarin in patients with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation or venous thromboembolism.
Results
Thirteen randomized controlled trials involving 102 707 adult patients were included in the analysis. The case‐fatality rate of major bleeding was 7.57% (95% CI, 6.53–8.68; I2 = 0%) in patients taking DOACs and 11.04% (95% CI, 9.16–13.07; I2 = 33.3%) in patients taking warfarin. The rate of fatal bleeding in adult patients receiving DOACs was 0.16 per 100 patient‐years (95% CI, 0.12–0.20; I2 = 36.5%). When compared with warfarin, DOACs were associated with significant reductions in fatal bleeding (RR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.43–0.64; I2 = 0%), cardiovascular mortality (RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.82–0.94; I2 = 0%) and all‐cause mortality (RR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.87–0.96; I2 = 0%).
Conclusions
The use of DOACs compared with warfarin is associated with a lower rate of fatal bleeding, case‐fatality rate of major bleeding, cardiovascular mortality and all‐cause mortality.
Since the 1960s, the pace of innovation in haemophilia treatment has been fast and furious and occasionally with unintended consequences. As newer technologies are harnessed to better treat, and ...potentially cure, haemophilias A and B, an understanding of their underlying scientific principles and their benefits and risks are essential for all stakeholders. This review summarizes the starts and stops of introducing FVIII and FIX transgenes clinically, beginning 20 years ago. Lessons from earlier nonclinical and clinical experiments have been utilized to improve vector selection, vector design, promoter/enhancer cis control regions and codon‐optimized transgenes to trigger in vivo clinical FVIII and FIX levels in the near‐normal to normal ranges. Many known and unknown questions remain, and some, based upon benefit and risk, should be answered during larger phase 3 clinical trials. Prior clinical outcomes in haemophilia trials have not been standardized, making between‐trial comparisons difficult. Going forward, haemophilia gene therapy clinical trials should utilize a standard set of core outcomes, to facilitate comparisons to other gene‐ and protein‐based therapies. These outcomes will be more important as the field moves beyond the first‐generation gene therapies into more complex vectors that may address the shortcomings of first‐generation vectors and offer greater benefits to the patient.
Abstract
We review the boson transformation method to deal with spontaneous symmetry breaking in quantum field theory, focussing on how it describes the emergence of extended and classical objects in ...such quantum context. We then apply the method to the emergence of space itself, as an extended and classical object resulting from the evaporation of a quantum black hole. In particular, we show how classical torsion and curvature tensors can emerge as effects of an inhomogeneous Nambu–Goldstone boson condensation in vacuum, in
E
(3) invariant spinor models with symmetry breaking.
Semiconductor nanowires featuring strong spin–orbit interactions (SOI), represent a promising platform for a broad range of novel technologies, such as spintronic applications or topological quantum ...computation. However, experimental studies into the nature and the orientation of the SOI vector in these wires remain limited despite being of upmost importance. Typical devices feature the nanowires placed on top of a substrate which modifies the SOI vector and spoils the intrinsic symmetries of the system. In this work, we report experimental results on suspended InAs nanowires, in which the wire symmetries are fully preserved and clearly visible in transport measurements. Using a vectorial magnet, the nontrivial evolution of weak antilocalization (WAL) is tracked through all 3D space, and both the spin–orbit length l SO and coherence length l φ are determined as a function of the magnetic field magnitude and direction. Studying the angular maps of the WAL signal, we demonstrate that the average SOI within the nanowire is isotropic and that our findings are consistent with a semiclassical quasi-1D model of WAL adapted to include the geometrical constraints of the nanostructure. Moreover, by acting on properly designed side gates, we apply an external electric field introducing an additional vectorial Rashba spin–orbit component whose strength can be controlled by external means. These results give important hints on the intrinsic nature of suspended nanowire and can be interesting for the field of spintronics as well as for the manipulation of Majorana bound states in devices based on hybrid semiconductors.
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