This review describes recent advances in direct borylation reactions of organic halides, including both transition-metal-catalyzed and metal-free methods. Since the pioneering work on ...palladium-catalyzed boryl substitution of aryl halides with a diboron compound reported by Miyaura and co-workers in 1995, various catalytic systems for the borylation of aryl, alkneyl, and alkyl halides have been developed to give a wide range of organoboronate esters that cannot be synthesized using conventional methods. Borylative cyclization of alkyl halides is also discussed.
Recent advances in borylations of organic halides, including both transition-metal-catalyzed and metal-free methods are summarized. Borylative cyclization is also discussed.
A Fermi-level managed barrier (FMB) diode was used for the heterodyne detection of terahertz waves for the first time. A quasi-optical module integrating an FMB diode and a broadband trans-impedance ...amplifier exhibited an intermediate frequency bandwidth of 11 GHz. A very low noise-equivalent-power of 1.1 × 10−18 W/Hz was achieved at ∼300 GHz with a very low local oscillator power of 6 × 10−6 W.
This paper addresses the problem of establishing stability of nonlinear interconnected systems. This paper introduces a mathematical formulation of the state-dependent scaling problems whose ...solutions directly provide Lyapunov functions proving stability properties of interconnected dissipative systems in a unified manner. Stability criteria are interpreted as sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions to the state-dependent scaling problems. Computing solutions to the problems is straightforward for systems covered by classical stability criteria. It, however, could be too difficult for systems with strong nonlinearity. The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the effectiveness beyond formal applicability by focusing on interconnected integral input-to-state stable (iISS) systems and input-to-state stable (ISS) systems. This paper derives small-gain-type theorems for interconnected systems involving iISS systems from the state-dependent scaling formulation. This paper provides solutions and Lyapunov functions explicitly. The new framework seamlessly generalizes the ISS small-gain theorem and classical stability criteria such as the L p small-gain theorem, the passivity theorems, the circle, and Popov criteria. State-dependence of the scaling is crucial for effective treatment of essential nonlinearities, while constants are sufficient for classical nonlinearities
An anti-parallel (AP) diode pair based on a Fermi-level managed barrier (FMB) diode was developed for the sub-harmonic mixing of terahertz waves. A quasi-optical module integrating an AP–FMB diode ...pair and a trans-impedance amplifier exhibited a very low noise-equivalent-power of 9 × 10−19 W/Hz at an input signal frequency of 304 GHz with a very low local oscillator power of 30 μW.
A zero-biased Fermi-level managed barrier diode that was packaged with a WR-3 rectangular-waveguide-input port was developed. For direct (square-law) detection operations, the fabricated module ...exhibited a 3 dB bandwidth covering the whole WR-3 band. The intermediate frequency bandwidth in heterodyne detection was, therefore, dominated by the bandwidth of the integrated preamplifier, and it was measured to be about 40 GHz. The minimum noise-equivalent power obtained was as low as 7 × 10−18 W/Hz at around 300 GHz even with a very low local oscillator power of 30 μW.
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