Background
Sarcopenia is a progressive age‐related skeletal muscle disorder associated with increased likelihood of adverse outcomes. Muscle wasting is often accompanied by an increase in body fat, ...leading to ‘sarcopenic obesity’. The aim of the present study was to analyse the association of lifestyle variables such as diet, dietary components, physical activity (PA), body composition, and inflammatory markers, with the risk of sarcopenic obesity.
Methods
A cross‐sectional analysis based on baseline data from the PREDIMED‐Plus study was performed. A total of 1535 participants (48% women) with overweight/obesity (body mass index: 32.5 ± 3.3 kg/m2; age: 65.2 ± 4.9 years old) and metabolic syndrome were categorized according to sex‐specific tertiles (T) of the sarcopenic index (SI) as assessed by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry scanning. Anthropometrical measurements, biochemical markers, dietary intake, and PA information were collected. Linear regression analyses were carried out to evaluate the association between variables.
Results
Subjects in the first SI tertile were older, less physically active, showed higher frequency of abdominal obesity and diabetes, and consumed higher saturated fat and less vitamin C than subjects from the other two tertiles (all P < 0.05). Multiple adjusted linear regression models evidenced significant positive associations across tertiles of SI with adherence to the Mediterranean dietary score (P‐trend < 0.05), PA (P‐trend < 0.0001), and the 30 s chair stand test (P‐trend < 0.0001), whereas significant negative associations were found with an inadequate vitamin C consumption (P‐trend < 0.05), visceral fat and leucocyte count (all P‐trend < 0.0001), and some white cell subtypes (neutrophils and monocytes), neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio, and platelet count (all P‐trend < 0.05). When models were additionally adjusted by potential mediators (inflammatory markers, diabetes, and waist circumference), no relevant changes were observed, only dietary variables lost significance.
Conclusions
Diet and PA are important regulatory mediators of systemic inflammation, which is directly involved in the sarcopenic process. A healthy dietary pattern combined with exercise is a promising strategy to limit age‐related sarcopenia.
Cardiometabolic profile is usually altered in obesity. Interestingly, the consumption of flavanol-rich foods might be protective against those metabolic alterations.
To evaluate the postprandial ...cardiometabolic effects after the acute consumption of cocoa extract before and after 4 weeks of its daily intake. Furthermore, the bioavailability of cocoa extract was investigated.
Twenty-four overweight/obese middle-aged subjects participated in a 4-week intervention study. Half of the volunteers consumed a test meal enriched with 1.4 g of cocoa extract (415 mg flavanols), while the rest of the volunteers consumed the same meal without the cocoa extract (control group). Glucose and lipid profile, as well as blood pressure and cocoa metabolites in plasma, were assessed before and at 60, 120, and 180 min post-consumption, at the beginning of the study (Postprandial 1) and after following a 4-week 15% energy-restricted diet including meals containing or not containing the cocoa extract (Postprandial 2).
In the Postprandial 1 test, the area under the curve (AUC) of systolic blood pressure (SBP) was significantly higher in the cocoa group compared with the control group (p=0.007), showing significant differences after 120 min of intake. However, no differences between groups were observed at Postprandial 2. Interestingly, the reduction of postprandial AUC of SBP (AUC_Postprandial 2-AUC_Postprandial 1) was higher in the cocoa group (p=0.016). Furthermore, cocoa-derived metabolites were detected in plasma of the cocoa group, while the absence or significantly lower amounts of metabolites were found in the control group.
The daily consumption of cocoa extract within an energy-restricted diet for 4 weeks resulted in a greater reduction of postprandial AUC of SBP compared with the effect of energy-restricted diet alone and independently of body weight loss. These results suggest the role of cocoa flavanols on postprandial blood pressure homeostasis.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, FSPLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•The alkaline comet assay is a popular methods for assessing DNA damage in humans.•A database of 19,320 subjects from 44 laboratories in 26 countries was analysed.•A range of measures estimating ...baseline DNA damage is provided for %T, TL, and TM.•None or limited effect was found for sex, age, and major confounding factors.•The comet assay efficiently detected specific genotoxic exposures.
The alkaline comet assay, or single cell gel electrophoresis, is one of the most popular methods for assessing DNA damage in human population. One of the open issues concerning this assay is the identification of those factors that can explain the large inter-individual and inter-laboratory variation. International collaborative initiatives such as the hCOMET project - a COST Action launched in 2016 - represent a valuable tool to meet this challenge. The aims of hCOMET were to establish reference values for the level of DNA damage in humans, to investigate the effect of host factors, lifestyle and exposure to genotoxic agents, and to compare different sources of assay variability. A database of 19,320 subjects was generated, pooling data from 105 studies run by 44 laboratories in 26 countries between 1999 and 2019. A mixed random effect log-linear model, in parallel with a classic meta-analysis, was applied to take into account the extensive heterogeneity of data, due to descriptor, specimen and protocol variability. As a result of this analysis interquartile intervals of DNA strand breaks (which includes alkali-labile sites) were reported for tail intensity, tail length, and tail moment (comet assay descriptors). A small variation by age was reported in some datasets, suggesting higher DNA damage in oldest age-classes, while no effect could be shown for sex or smoking habit, although the lack of data on heavy smokers has still to be considered. Finally, highly significant differences in DNA damage were found for most exposures investigated in specific studies. In conclusion, these data, which confirm that DNA damage measured by the comet assay is an excellent biomarker of exposure in several conditions, may contribute to improving the quality of study design and to the standardization of results of the comet assay in human populations.
Obesity has been associated with various health disorders, including psychological alterations. Cocoa consumption and weight management may produce a beneficial effect on these problems.
The purpose ...of this study was to investigate the effect of cocoa extract supplementation as part of an energy-restricted diet on psychological status and peripheral dopaminergic activity in overweight or obese middle-aged subjects.
In a 4-wk, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled parallel nutritional intervention, 22 men and 25 women mean ± SD age: 57 ± 5 y; body mass index (kg/m2): 30.6 ± 2.3 were studied. After a 1-wk run-in period, volunteers consumed 15% energy-restricted diets; one-half of the volunteers were randomly assigned to receive ready-to-eat meals supplemented with 1.4 g cocoa extract/d (645 mg total polyphenols/d), whereas the rest of the volunteers received the same meals without cocoa supplementation. Plasma monoamines dopamine, dopac, and homovanillic acid (HVA), monoamine oxidase (MAO), and psychological status (anxiety and depressive symptoms) were analyzed in fasting participants at baseline and endpoint. Data were analyzed over time, and regression and correlation analyses were conducted to determine the relation between variables.
Depressive symptoms decreased in both groups after the intervention (control: -9.4%, P < 0.001; cocoa: -6.3%, P = 0.008), but anxiety symptoms did not. The increase in plasma HVA was 11.5% greater in the cocoa group than in the control group (P = 0.016), but plasma dopamine, dopac, and MAO changes did not differ between groups. A negative relation between changes in depressive symptoms and changes in plasma HVA was observed in the cocoa group (β = -0.39, P = 0.029). Moreover, the change in plasma dopamine was positively associated with the change in methyl-catechin-O-glucoronide in the cocoa-supplemented group (r = 0.69, P = 0.019).
The intake of cocoa extract by participants consuming a 15% energy-restricted diet contributed to an increase in plasma HVA concentrations. This change was associated with a reduction in depressive symptoms, suggesting a potential effect of cocoa extract intake on this relation. The present results are secondary analyses of a clinical trial that was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01596309.
Background: Obesity has been associated with various health disorders, including psychological alterations. Cocoa consumption and weight management may produce a beneficial effect on these problems.
...Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cocoa extract supplementation as part of an energy-restricted diet on psychological status and peripheral dopaminergic activity in overweight or obese middle-aged subjects.
Methods: In a 4-wk, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled parallel nutritional intervention, 22 men and 25 women mean ± SD age: 57 ± 5 y; body mass index (kg/m2): 30.6 ± 2.3 were studied. After a 1-wk run-in period, volunteers consumed 15% energy-restricted diets; one-half of the volunteers were randomly assigned to receive ready-to-eat meals supplemented with 1.4 g cocoa extract/d (645 mg total polyphenols/d), whereas the rest of the volunteers received the same meals without cocoa supplementation. Plasma monoamines dopamine, dopac, and homovanillic acid (HVA), monoamine oxidase (MAO), and psychological status (anxiety and depressive symptoms) were analyzed in fasting participants at baseline and endpoint. Data were analyzed over time, and regression and correlation analyses were conducted to determine the relation between variables.
Results: Depressive symptoms decreased in both groups after the intervention (control: −9.4%, P < 0.001; cocoa: −6.3%, P = 0.008), but anxiety symptoms did not. The increase in plasma HVA was 11.5% greater in the cocoa group than in the control group (P = 0.016), but plasma dopamine, dopac, and MAO changes did not differ between groups. A negative relation between changes in depressive symptoms and changes in plasma HVA was observed in the cocoa group (β = −0.39, P = 0.029). Moreover, the change in plasma dopamine was positively associated with the change in methyl-catechin-O-glucoronide in the cocoa-supplemented group (r = 0.69, P = 0.019).
Conclusion: The intake of cocoa extract by participants consuming a 15% energy-restricted diet contributed to an increase in plasma HVA concentrations. This change was associated with a reduction in depressive symptoms, suggesting a potential effect of cocoa extract intake on this relation. The present results are secondary analyses of a clinical trial that was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01596309.
Obesity has been associated with various health disorders, including psychological alterations. Cocoa consumption and weight management may produce a beneficial effect on these problems. The purpose ...of this study was to investigate the effect of cocoa extract supplementation as part of an energy-restricted diet on psychological status and peripheral dopaminergic activity in overweight or obese middle-aged subjects. In a 4-wk, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled parallel nutritional intervention, 22 men and 25 women mean ± SD age: 57 ± 5 y; body mass index (kg/m^sup 2^): 30.6 ± 2.3 were studied. After a 1-wk run-in period, volunteers consumed 15% energy-restricted diets; one-half of the volunteers were randomly assigned to receive ready-to-eat meals supplemented with 1.4 g cocoa extract/d (645 mg total polyphenols/d), whereas the rest of the volunteers received the same meals without cocoa supplementation. Plasma monoamines dopamine, dopac, and homovanillic acid (HVA), monoamine oxidase (MAO), and psychological status (anxiety and depressive symptoms) were analyzed in fasting participants at baseline and endpoint. Data were analyzed over time, and regression and correlation analyses were conducted to determine the relation between variables. Depressive symptoms decreased in both groups after the intervention (control: 29.4%, P < 0.001; cocoa: 26.3%, P = 0.008), but anxiety symptoms did not. The increase in plasma HVA was 11.5% greater in the cocoa group than in the control group (P = 0.016), but plasma dopamine, dopac, and MAO changes did not differ between groups. A negative relation between changes in depressive symptoms and changes in plasma HVA was observed in the cocoa group (b = 20.39, P = 0.029). Moreover, the change in plasma dopamine was positively associated with the change in methyl-catechin-O-glucoronide in the cocoa-supplemented group (r = 0.69, P = 0.019). The intake of cocoa extract by participants consuming a 15% energy-restricted diet contributed to an increase in plasma HVA concentrations. This change was associated with a reduction in depressive symptoms, suggesting a potential effect of cocoa extract intake on this relation. The present results are secondary analyses of a clinical trial that was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01596309.
Summary Background & aims The aim of this study is to further clarify the role of plasma 25(OH)D concentration after a weight-lowering nutritional intervention on body composition, blood pressure and ...inflammatory biomarkers in overweight/obese middle-aged subjects. Methods This longitudinal research encompassed a total of 50 subjects 57.26 (5.24) year, who were under a 15% energy restricted diet for 4 weeks. Anthropometric and body composition variables, blood routine, inflammatory markers as well as 25(OH)D were analysed. Results Circulating 25(OH)D levels 12.13(±17.61%) increased while anthropometric, body composition, routine blood markers as well as the concentration of TNF-α, C-reactive protein and Lp-PLA2 were significantly reduced after the intervention. Multiple linear regression analyses evidenced that Δ25(OH)D increase was linked to the decrease in weight, adiposity, SBP and IL-6 levels. Moreover, a relationship was found between Δ25(OH)D, Δfat mass ( r = −0.405; p = 0.007), ΔSBP ( r = −0.355; p = 0.021) and ΔIL-6 ( r = −0.386; p = 0.014). On the other hand, a higher increase in 25(OH)D was accompanied by reductions in weight, BMI, SBP, IL-6 and an increase in bone mineral concentration ( p < 0.05). Interestingly, higher levels of 25(OH)D at the endpoint, showed a significantly higher decrease in weight, BMI and total fat mass. Conclusions The increase in plasma 25(OH)D level is linked with the decrease in SBP and adiposity in middle-aged subjects after a weight-loss intervention. Therefore, 25(OH)D assessment is a potential marker to be accounted in metabolic measures related to blood pressure, adiposity and inflammation in obesity management. Trial registration www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01596309).
Hyperactive Wnt signaling is frequently observed in colorectal cancer. Higher intakes of dietary fiber nondigestible carbohydrates (NDCs) and the fermentation product butyrate are protective against ...colorectal cancer and may exert their preventative effects via modulation of the Wnt pathway.
We investigated the effects of supplementing healthy individuals with 2 NDCs resistant starch (RS) and polydextrose on fecal calprotectin concentrations and Wnt pathway-related gene expression. In addition, we determined whether effects on secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) expression are mediated via the epigenetic mechanisms DNA methylation and microRNA expression.
In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (the Dietary Intervention, Stem cells and Colorectal Cancer (DISC) Study), 75 healthy participants were supplemented with RS and/or polydextrose or placebo for 50 d in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Pre- and postintervention stool samples and rectal mucosal biopsies were collected and used to quantify calprotectin and expression of 12 Wnt-related genes, respectively. The expression of 10 microRNAs predicted to target SFRP1 was also quantified by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and DNA methylation was quantified at 7 CpG sites within the SFRP1 promoter region by pyrosequencing.
NDC supplementation did not affect fecal calprotectin concentration. SFRP1 mRNA expression was reduced by both RS (P = 0.005) and polydextrose (P = 0.053). RS and polydextrose did not affect SFRP1 methylation or alter the expression of 10 microRNAs predicted to target SFRP1. There were no significant interactions between RS and polydextrose.
RS and polydextrose supplementation did not affect fecal calprotectin concentrations. Downregulation of SFRP1 with RS and polydextrose could result in increased Wnt pathway activity. However, effects on Wnt pathway activity and downstream functional effects in the healthy large-bowel mucosa remain to be investigated. The DISC Study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01214681.
Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is a strong predictor of cardiometabolic health, and lifestyle factors may have a positive influence on VAT depot. This study aimed to assess the cross-sectional ...associations between baseline levels of physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviours (SB) and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) with VAT depot in older individuals with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Baseline data of the PREDIMED-Plus study including a sample of 1,231 Caucasian men and women aged 55-75 years were used. Levels of leisure-time PA (total, light, and moderate-to-vigorous, in METs·min/day) and SB (total and TV-viewing, in h/day) were evaluated using validated questionnaires. Adherence to the MedDiet was evaluated using a 17-item energy-restricted MedDiet (erMedDiet) screener. The chair-stand test was used to estimate the muscle strength. VAT depot was assessed with DXA-CoreScan. Multivariable adjusted linear regression models were used to evaluate the association between lifestyle factors and VAT. For the statistics we had used multiadjusted linear regression models.
Total leisure-time PA (100 METs·min/day: β -24.3g, -36.7;-11.9g), moderate-to-vigorous PA (β -27.8g, 95% CI -40.8;-14.8g), chair-stand test (repeat: β -11.5g, 95% CI -20.1;-2.93g) were inversely associated, and total SB (h/day: β 38.2g, 95% CI 14.7;61.7) positively associated with VAT. Light PA, TV-viewing time and adherence to an erMedDiet were not significantly associated with VAT.
In older adults with overweigh/obesity and metabolic syndrome, greater PA, muscle strength, and lower total SB were associated with less VAT depot. In this study, adherence to an erMedDiet was not associated with lower VAT.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
An excessive body weight contributes to increase the risk of suffering clinical manifestations, such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension, diverse metabolic syndrome features, and ...depression, among others. The prescription of nutritional strategies as well as lifestyle changes, such as the reduction of energy intake and adherence to healthy dietary patterns, could contribute to combat these metabolic disorders. Nowadays, the intake of plant extracts rich in polyphenols is receiving especial attention in the protection against obesity-associated comorbidities. Thus, cocoa is one of the richest sources of polyphenols with potential benefits on blood pressure, insulin resistance, lipid profile, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. These therapeutic effects have been attributed to bioactive compounds occurring in cocoa, mainly flavanols, which are the most abundant polyphenols in this seed. Furthermore, cocoa also contains other bioactive compounds such as methylxanthines and minerals with additional healthy properties. Phytochemicals from cocoa are usually consumed within chocolate bars or cocoa beverages. However, taking into account the potential benefits of cocoa consumption, it could be used as a functional ingredient to be included in other foods for human consumption. In this way, the consumption for 4 weeks of 1.4 g of cocoa extract (645 mg polyphenols with 415 mg of flavanols) within ready-to-eat meals and under an hypocaloric diet (-15% energy restriction) was able to produce a higher reduction of oxidised low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (ox-LDL) levels compared to obese subjects following the dietary strategy without cocoa supplementation. Regarding blood pressure, the regular consumption during 4 weeks resulted in a higher reduction of acute systolic blood pressure (SBP) response independently of body weight loss and also showed an adaptive effect of the acute SBP. Moreover, the intake of cocoa significantly increased the levels of plasma homovanillic acid, which is a marker reflecting the dopaminergic activity in the brain. Interestingly, homovanillic acid was negatively associated with the reduction of depressive symptoms in cocoa consumers, suggesting the possible implication of cocoa on psychological behavior. Finally, it is important to highlight that metabolomics analyses in plasma and urine have suggested an adequate adherence to the nutritional intervention supported by the presence of metabolites derived from cocoa. To sum up, the inclusion of cocoa within a well-designed dietary hypocaloric strategy might contribute to obtain additional benefits to weight loss and body composition, such as improvements in hypertension, oxidative markers, and psychological status.
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