New sugar hydrazones incorporating furan and/or 1,3,4-thiadiazole ring systems were synthesized by reaction of the corresponding hydrazide with different aldose sugars. Heterocyclization of the ...formed hydrazones afforded the derived acyclic nucleoside analogues possessing the 1,3,4-oxadiazoline as modified nucleobase via acetylation followed by the heterocyclization process. The anticancer activity of the synthesized compounds was studied against human liver carcinoma cell (HepG-2) and at human normal retina pigmented epithelium cells (RPE-1). High activities were revealed by compounds 3, 12 and 14 with IC50 values near to that of the reference drug doxorubicin.
The "Latescibacteria" (formerly WS3), member of the Fibrobacteres-Chlorobi-Bacteroidetes (FCB) superphylum, represents a ubiquitous candidate phylum found in terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ...ecosystems. Recently, single-cell amplified genomes (SAGs) representing the "Latescibacteria" were obtained from the anoxic monimolimnion layers of Sakinaw Lake (British Columbia, Canada), and anoxic sediments of a coastal lagoon (Etoliko lagoon, Western Greece). Here, we present a detailed in-silico analysis of the four SAGs to gain some insights on their metabolic potential and apparent ecological roles. Metabolic reconstruction suggests an anaerobic fermentative mode of metabolism, as well as the capability to degrade multiple polysaccharides and glycoproteins that represent integral components of green (Charophyta and Chlorophyta) and brown (Phaeophycaea) algae cell walls (pectin, alginate, ulvan, fucan, hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins), storage molecules (starch and trehalose), and extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). The analyzed SAGs also encode dedicated transporters for the uptake of produced sugars and amino acids/oligopeptides, as well as an extensive machinery for the catabolism of all transported sugars, including the production of a bacterial microcompartment (BMC) to sequester propionaldehyde, a toxic intermediate produced during fucose and rhamnose metabolism. Finally, genes for the formation of gas vesicles, flagella, type IV pili, and oxidative stress response were found, features that could aid in cellular association with algal detritus. Collectively, these results indicate that the analyzed "Latescibacteria" mediate the turnover of multiple complex organic polymers of algal origin that reach deeper anoxic/microoxic habitats in lakes and lagoons. The implications of such process on our understanding of niche specialization in microbial communities mediating organic carbon turnover in stratified water bodies are discussed.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Recent technological advances and efforts, including powerful metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses, have led to a tremendous growth in our understanding of microbial communities. Changes in ...microbial abundance or composition of human microbial communities impact human health or disease state. However, explorations into the mechanisms underlying host–microbe interactions in health and disease are still in their infancy. Although changes in the gut microbiota have been described in patients with kidney disease, the relationships between pathogenesis, mechanisms of disease progression, and the gut microbiome are still evolving. Here, we review changes in the host–microbiome symbiotic relationship in an attempt to explore the bidirectional relationship in which alterations in the microbiome affect kidney disease progression and how kidney disease may disrupt a balanced microbiome. We also discuss potential targeted interventions that may help re-establish this symbiosis and propose more effective ways to deploy traditional treatments in patients with kidney disease.
The structural and electrical properties of the
x
P
2
O
5
-(40 −
x
) Bi
2
O
3
-60V
2
O
5
(0 ≤
x
≤ 20) glass system have been investigated. The samples were prepared by the conventional melt-quenching ...technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed the amorphous nature of the present glasses. Nanocrystalline grains were found due to the annealing of the glass samples under study. Nanocrystals with an average grain size of 22 nm were implanted in the glass structure and estimated from the XRD patterns of the glass–ceramic samples. DC conductivity of the glass system has been determined in the temperature range 300–500 K. It was found that the general behavior of electrical conductivity was similar for all the glass compositions and found to decrease with increasing phosphate content. The electrical conductivity of the glass–ceramic nanocrystals obtained by annealing at crystallization temperature (
T
c
) was much higher than the initial glass. The activation energy (W) was enhanced by annealing and was obtained from plots of temperature-dependent DC conductivity, and found to be 0.23–0.31 eV for glasses and 0.19–0.23 eV for the glass–ceramic nanocrystals.
Bacteriophages typically have small genomes
and depend on their bacterial hosts for replication
. Here we sequenced DNA from diverse ecosystems and found hundreds of phage genomes with lengths of ...more than 200 kilobases (kb), including a genome of 735 kb, which is-to our knowledge-the largest phage genome to be described to date. Thirty-five genomes were manually curated to completion (circular and no gaps). Expanded genetic repertoires include diverse and previously undescribed CRISPR-Cas systems, transfer RNAs (tRNAs), tRNA synthetases, tRNA-modification enzymes, translation-initiation and elongation factors, and ribosomal proteins. The CRISPR-Cas systems of phages have the capacity to silence host transcription factors and translational genes, potentially as part of a larger interaction network that intercepts translation to redirect biosynthesis to phage-encoded functions. In addition, some phages may repurpose bacterial CRISPR-Cas systems to eliminate competing phages. We phylogenetically define the major clades of huge phages from human and other animal microbiomes, as well as from oceans, lakes, sediments, soils and the built environment. We conclude that the large gene inventories of huge phages reflect a conserved biological strategy, and that the phages are distributed across a broad bacterial host range and across Earth's ecosystems.
The development of dielectric constant materials for energy storage applications is in high demand. Lead zirconate and lead zirconate titanate doping with erbium thin films and bulk-based devices ...with variant dielectric constant were created in this work. Pb
-Er
Zr
(PEZ) and Pb
-Er
-Zr
-Ti
(PEZT) thin films were produced on a glass substrate using a sol-gel doctor blade technique at low temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron diffraction (ED) were used to examine the structure of the produced nanocrystals. PEZ and PEZT films had nanocrystals that were 9.5 nm and 15 nm in size, respectively, whereas PEZ and PEZT bulk nano-rods had 455 ± 5 nm in length and 45 ± 1 nm in diameter. The TEM and XRD results were found to be completely consistent in terms of particle size. Ferroelectric properties and dielectric characteristics were found to be frequency dependent. Dielectric experiments revealed that the dielectric constant was decreasing for bulk samples compared to film samples. The energy-storage efficiency of PEZ films was roughly 66.01%, and 67.8% for PEZT. The residual polarization of the Er-doped PEZ and PEZT films was the highest, reaching 36.25 μC/cm
and 69.79 μC/cm
, respectively, and the coercive fields were 43 kV/cm and 45.43 kV/cm, respectively. On the other hand, PEZ and PEZT bulk samples had residual polarizations of 27.15 μC/cm
and 37.29 μC/cm
, respectively, while having coercive fields of 32.3 kV/cm and 39.3 kV/cm, respectively. It was found that (PEZ) and (PEZT) samples may have potential use in energy storage applications.
Tungsten oxide (WO
3
) doped V
2
O
5
·MoO
3
thin films deposited on glass substrates using dip coating technique were prepared by a Sol–Gel method. Vanadium pentoxide, Molybdenum oxide and Tungsten ...oxide powder were used as starting precursors. The influence of different doping percentages of (W) has been investigated in X-ray diffraction, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electrical measurement. The structure of the obtained nanocrystals were identify by using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron micrograph. The obtained nanorods have lengths up to 220 nm and width of 15–45 nm. The electrical conductivity applied on the sample under investigation. By increasing tungsten (W) concentration the electrical conductivity was found to be increased and the activation energy decreased. Non-adiabatic SPH was found by analysis the electrical conduction.
Display omitted
Drug delivery systems or vectors are usually needed to improve the bioavailability and effectiveness of a drug through improving its pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics at an organ, ...tissue or cellular level. However, emerging technologies with sensitive readouts as well as a greater understanding of physiological/biological systems have revealed that polymeric drug delivery systems are not biologically inert but can have innate or intrinsic biological actions. In this article, we review the emerging multiple innate biological/toxicological properties of naked polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer delivery systems in the absence of any drug cargo and discuss their correlation with the defined physicochemical properties of PAMAMs in terms of molecular size (generation), architecture, surface charge and chemistry. Further, we assess whether any of the reported intrinsic biological actions of PAMAMs such as their antimicrobial activity or their ability to sequester glucose and modulate key protein interactions or cell signaling pathways, can be exploited clinically such as in the treatment of diabetes and its complications.
The Asgard superphylum is a deeply branching monophyletic group of
, recently described as some of the closest relatives of the eukaryotic ancestor. The wide application of genomic analyses from ...metagenome sequencing has established six distinct phyla, whose genomes encode diverse metabolic capacities and which play important biogeochemical and ecological roles in marine sediments. Here, we describe two metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) recovered from deep marine sediments off the Costa Rica margin, defining a novel lineage phylogenetically married to "
Thorarchaeota"; as such, we propose the name "
" for this phylum. The two
MAGs encode an anaerobic pathway for methylotrophy enabling the utilization of C
to C
compounds (methanol and methylamines) to synthesize acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). The MAGs showed a remarkable saccharolytic capabilities compared to other Asgard lineages and encoded diverse classes of carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) targeting different mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides. Comparative genomic analysis based on the full metabolic profiles of different Asgard lineages revealed the close relation between
and "
Odinarchaeota" MAGs, which suggested similar metabolic potentials and ecological roles. Furthermore, we identified multiple HGT events from different bacterial donors within
MAGs, which hypothetically expanded
capacities for substrate utilization, energy production, and niche adaptation.
The exploration of deep marine sediments has unearthed many new lineages of microbes. The finding of this novel phylum of Asgard archaea is important, since understanding the diversity and evolution of Asgard archaea may inform also about the evolution of eukaryotic cells. The comparison of metabolic potentials of the Asgard archaea can help inform about selective pressures the lineages have faced during evolution.
PDF
