In this paper, we present a condition of optical systems to form images independent of frequency. The condition independent of frequency in case of a single Gaussian beam on an optical axis has been ...known, but that in case of a beam propagated off the axis or tilted beam, which appears in a wide field-of-view (FOV) telescope, has not been known. We first show relations between an arbitrary electric field on an object plane and an induced one on an image plane after passing through a lens with calculating Fresnel diffraction integrals. If the lens formula is met, there is a one-to-one correspondence between points on the object and image plane. This result enables to use geometrical optical methods. The condition and relations derived here are confirmed by simulations. We also applied them to a wide-FOV telescope.
The high-frequency telescope for LiteBIRD is designed with refractive and reflective optics. In order to improve sensitivity, this paper suggests the new optical configurations of the HFT which have ...approximately 7 times larger focal planes than that of the original design. The sensitivities of both the designs are compared, and the requirement of anti-reflection (AR) coating on the lens for the refractive option is derived. We also present the simulation result of a sub-wavelength AR structure on both surfaces of silicon, which shows a band-averaged reflection of 1.1–3.2% at 101–448 GHz.
Speeding up: A micelle–water interface acts as a suitable reaction field for dehydrocondensation. The coupling reaction of fatty acid salts with a triazine‐type amphiphilic dehydrocondensing agent in ...a micellar system (see picture) underwent up to 2000‐fold acceleration. The rate enhancement can be attributed to the higher local concentration and preorientation of the reactants in the micelles.
Two experiments with rats explored renewal effects in operant conditioning preparations. When pressing a lever was trained in one context and then extinguished in a second context, the responding was ...renewed by returning to the original context (ABA renewal) in Experiment 1. This finding was replicated in Experiment 2 with discriminative operant performance signaled by a localized light cue. In spite of the successful demonstration of ABA renewal effect in these experiments, AAB renewal was detected in neither experiment: When the responses had been extinguished in the context of acquisition, testing the rats in a second context did not renew the responses. The demonstration of ABA renewal but no AAB renewal suggests that extinction in another context and/or a return to the original context are critical for renewal of extinguished operant performance.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcome of definitive three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (RT) for isolated para-aortic lymph node (LN) recurrence in patients with controlled ...primary cancer of the pelvis. Twenty-four consecutive patients with isolated para-aortic LN recurrence were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were included in this study if they were eligible to receive definitive RT for abdominal para-aortic LN recurrence with controlled primary cancer of the pelvis without other distant/recurrent diseases. The median time between the front-line therapy and RT for isolated para-aortic LN metastases was 21 months. Nineteen (79%) patients had an objective tumor response. In-field failure occurred in four patients (17%), while failure outside of the irradiated field was recognized in 12 patients (50%). The overall survival, progression-free survival and local control rates at 5 years were 56%, 29% and 72%, respectively. Statistically significant prognostic factors of the overall survival rate in the univariate analyses were an objective tumor response (P = 0.0098) and the time between front-line therapy and RT (P = 0.033). The maximum tumor size was a significant prognostic factor of the overall survival rates in the multivariate analyses (P = 0.046). The toxicities were mild; leukopenia of Grade 3 was detected in one patient, and no Grade 3 or higher non-hematological toxicity was observed. In conclusion, definitive three-dimensional RT for isolated abdominal para-aortic LN recurrence in patients with controlled primary cancer of the pelvis may be feasible, and can provide a relatively longer-term survival. The results justify further investigation of higher dose RT using modern RT planning techniques.
We describe a 68-year-old man who underwent hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy to manage radiation necrosis of the brain, which developed after two treatments with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) to the ...same lesion. The necrosis was subsequently treated with steroids alone for 2 months; however, he progressed clinically and radiographically. Improvement again was noted with the reinstitution of HBO therapy. This case suggests that HBO therapy is an important therapeutic option in the treatment of brain radiation necrosis caused by SRS.
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