The digital economy is characterized by new business models based on the use of electronic communications and digital technology for the production and distribution of goods and services. Big data is ...becoming an invaluable resource in the functioning of the digital economy. In order to survive in the market and be more competitive, firms are changing the way they make their strategic decisions and are increasingly resorting to the use of big data and technologically advanced tools, such as pricing algorithms. Companies increasingly use computer algorithms to improve their pricing models, adjust services and predict market trends, which is recognized as a model to increase efficiency. The use of algorithms in everyday business brings benefits to businesses, consumers and, ultimately, society as a whole, but it also raises a number of legal issues. Many questions also arise in competition law, which aims to protect the competition process in the market by banning certain business practices. Use of algorithms can be new sophisticated method, which will make easier for companies to reach and maintain collusion without any formal agreement or human interaction. The use of algorithms contrary to the provisions of competition law, raises the question of whether competition authorities need to improve existing tools for detecting prohibited agreements as well as a number of other issues. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country in transition with a small open economy, which has the status of a potential candidate for EU membership. Modern competition law in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the result of foreign pressure and meeting the conditions for membership in the European Union. Lawmakers in Bosnia and Herzegovina face the challenge of harmonizing competition law with the acquis and improving methods and tools that would enable the Council of Competition, as a body to protect competition in BiH, to respond to the use of algorithms for illicit business practices. The paper aims to investigate whether and to what extent business processes in Bosnia and Herzegovina have been digitized, i.e. whether business entities use algorithms and to what extent, and whether and to what extent the BiH Council of Competition is ready for challenges of competition law in digital economy.
Key words: Competition law, algorithmic cartels, digitalisation, Council of Competition
The digital economy is characterized by new business models based on the use of electronic communications and digital technology for the production and distribution of goods and services. Big data is ...becoming an invaluable resource in the functioning of the digital economy. In order to survive in the market and be more competitive, firms are changing the way they make their strategic decisions and are increasingly resorting to the use of big data and technologically advanced tools, such as pricing algorithms. Companies increasingly use computer algorithms to improve their pricing models, adjust services and predict market trends, which is recognized as a model to increase efficiency. The use of algorithms in everyday business brings benefits to businesses, consumers and, ultimately, society as a whole, but it also raises a number of legal issues. Many questions also arise in competition law, which aims to protect the competition process in the market by banning certain business practices. Use of algorithms can be new sophisticated method, which will make easier for companies to reach and maintain collusion without any formal agreement or human interaction. The use of algorithms contrary to the provisions of competition law, raises the question of whether competition authorities need to improve existing tools for detecting prohibited agreements as well as a number of other issues. Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country in transition with a small open economy, which has the status of a potential candidate for EU membership. Modern competition law in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the result of foreign pressure and meeting the conditions for membership in the European Union. Lawmakers in Bosnia and Herzegovina face the challenge of harmonizing competition law with the acquis and improving methods and tools that would enable the Council of Competition, as a body to protect competition in BiH, to respond to the use of algorithms for illicit business practices. The paper aims to investigate whether and to what extent business processes in Bosnia and Herzegovina have been digitized, i.e. whether business entities use algorithms and to what extent, and whether and to whatm extent the BiH Council of Competition is ready for challenges of competition law in digital economy.
Nauka se dugo bavi odnosom države i ekonomije pokušavajući iznaći adekvatne zakonitosti koje će objasniti kako država usmjerava privrednu aktivnost radi održavanja tržišne stabilnosti i ostvarivanja ...ekonomskog razvoja. Jednostavno, u teoriji se često pravi paralela koja kaže "kao što demokratija ne može postojati bez vladavine prava tako ni privredne aktivnosti ne mogu postojati bez adekvatne državne regulative". Ekonomska politika je naučna disciplina koja se bavi pitanjem iznalaženja odnosa i zakonitosti u vezi s mjerama i aktivnostima koje država poduzima radi ostvarivanja određenih makroekonomskih ciljeva. U tom kontekstu uloga prava, odnosno pravne struke, jeste pretvaranje određenih instrumenata i mjera ekonomske politike u dobru pravnu normu. Iz toga je nedvosmislen značaj povezanosti pravne i ekonomske nauke koji se dalje razvija kroz mnogobrojne naučne discipline, od prava konkurencije, prava tržišta vrijednosnih papira do ekonomske analize prava. U radu će se ukazati na taj razvojni put koji se odvijao u najmanje dva povezana smjera u formi nastavnih predmeta i u okviru naučnih istraživanja. Konceptualna nit, označena kao regulatorna uloga države, koja se održava u naučnim disciplinama okupljenim na Katedri pravno-ekonomskih nauka, svakako predstavlja potvrdu o nerazdvojivosti države, prava i ekonomije u najširem smislu riječi te je neiscrpno izvorište za naučnoistraživački rad.
Digitalna ekonomija, koju karakteriziraju novi poslovni modeli privrednih subjekata, čije se poslovne aktivnosti odvijaju putem umreženih kompjuterskih tehnologija na temelju prerade informacija, ...odnosno putem savremenih komunikacionih sredstava, mijenja uvjete takmičenja na tržištu koje postaje digitalno. Novi uvjeti takmičenja na tržištu i novi poslovni modeli otvaraju mnoga pitanja pred regulatore ekonomskih odnosa. Jedno od pitanja koje se postavlja i koje se analizira u radu, jeste pitanje da li postojeći regulatorni okvir i instrumentarij za zaštitu konkurencije na tržištu može odgovoriti izazovima digitalne ekonomije, digitalnog tržišta i promjenama koje oni sa sobom nose. Kako bi se dao odgovor na postavljeno pitanje, u radu su prikazana osnovna obilježja digitalne ekonomije i digitalnog tržišta, novi koncept konkurencije na tržištu te izvršena analiza rezultata dosadašnjih istraživanja provedena u svjetlu utjecaja digitalizacije ekonomije na osnovni kategorijalni aparat prava konkurencije.
Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is an organizational model of public service delivery in which a public partner joins with a private one for a joint delivery of a public service, creating added ...value for both parties in this “partnership”. From the point of view of the public partner, it decreases public expenditure, increases the quality and distribution of public services, and reduces agency costs. From the point of view of the private partner, the benefits are in achieving the planned rate of return, reducing sub-investment costs, reducing agency costs, and avoiding debt risk. There are numerous studies on the correlation between economic development and investment through PPP, which have led to this research. According to the legal framework in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is composed of entity and cantonal laws, a subject of PPPs may also be construction, use, maintenance and management or reconstruction of property for the purposes of meeting public needs in the health service sector. The aim of the paper is to explore the legal and institutional assumptions of investing through the PPP model in Bosnia and Herzegovina health service sector and to make recommendations for improving the PPP situation in the health service sector. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the paper is structured in three parts. The first part represents a concise theoretical framework in which the subject of the research is situated, the second part presents the state of affairs pertaining to investments in the health service sector, and the third part analyzes the current state of the use of this form of public service delivery in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The concluding section makes recommendations for improvements in terms of improving the investment through PPP in the sector of health care services.
As a country in transition and development, committed to the path towards membership in the European Union, Bosnia and Herzegovina encounters many challenges and obstacles in terms of fulfilling the ...tasks set before it. Quite complicated governmental and legal arrangement determines the pace of achieving the tasks that are prerequisites for the European Union membership status. By signing the Stabilisation and Association Agreement, Bosnia and Herzegovina assumed the obligation to gradually harmonise the national legislation with the EU legislation in the most important areas related to the internal market. In this context, one of highly important ones is the area of competition law. This paper analyses the quality of solutions provided by the normative and institutional framework of the market competition protection in Bosnia and Herzegovina by using the normative, historical, comparative, and content analysis methods. Basic features of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the EU are presented through a chronological summary of the integration process of BiH into the EU. The primary hypothesis of the paper is that recent legal solutions in the area of competition do not follow the current legal standards of the competition regulations in the EU. Analytical overview of annual reports on the operation of the Council of Competition as regulatory body in Bosnia and Herzegovina shows that competition is a typical example of the ‘crawling’ integration of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the EU. It is quite obvious that the lack of political will of the ruling structures slows the integration processes down. This area requires an efficient enforcement of competition regulations whose implementation enables the companies to act in line with the law. Without adequate and prompt amending of the Law on Competition and related by-laws there can be no positive evaluation of the European Commission concerning the progress of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is an organizational model of public service delivery in which a public partner joins with a private one for a joint delivery of a public service, creating added ...value for both parties in this “partnership”. From the point of view of the public partner, it decreases public expenditure, increases the quality and distribution of public services, and reduces agency costs. From the point of view of the private partner, the benefits are in achieving the planned rate of return, reducing sub-investment costs, reducing agency costs, and avoiding debt risk. There are numerous studies on the correlation between economic development and investment through PPP, which have led to this research. According to the legal framework in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is composed of entity and cantonal laws, a subject of PPPs may also be construction, use, maintenance and management or reconstruction of property for the purposes of meeting public needs in the health service sector. The aim of the paper is to explore the legal and institutional assumptions of investing through the PPP model in Bosnia and Herzegovina health service sector and to make recommendations for improving the PPP situation in the health service sector. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the paper is structured in three parts. The first part represents a concise theoretical framework in which the subject of the research is situated, the second part presents the state of affairs pertaining to investments in the health service sector, and the third part analyzes the current state of the use of this form of public service delivery in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The concluding section makes recommendations for improvements in terms of improving the investment through PPP in the sector of health care services.
As a country in transition and development, committed to the path towards membership in the European Union, Bosnia and Herzegovina encounters many challenges and obstacles in terms of fulfilling the ...tasks set before it. Quite complicated governmental and legal arrangement determines the pace of achieving the tasks that are prerequisites for the European Union membership status. By signing the Stabilisation and Association Agreement, Bosnia and Herzegovina assumed the obligation to gradually harmonise the national legislation with the EU legislation in the most important areas related to the internal market. In this context, one of highly important ones is the area of competition law. This paper analyses the quality of solutions provided by the normative and institutional framework of the market competition protection in Bosnia and Herzegovina by using the normative, historical, comparative, and content analysis methods. Basic features of the Stabilisation and Association Agreement between Bosnia and Herzegovina and the EU are presented through a chronological summary of the integration process of BiH into the EU. The key issue discussed in this paper is that the recent legislative solutions pertaining to the organisation and method of operation of the competition body in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is the reflection of state arrangement, slows down and impedes the harmonisation of competition regulations in line with the tasks laid down before Bosnia and Herzegovina on its path towards the EU membership. Analytical overview of annual reports on the operation of the Council of Competition as regulatory body in Bosnia and Herzegovina shows that competition is a typical example of the ‘crawling’ integration of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the EU. It is quite obvious that the lack of political will of the ruling structures slows the integration processes down. This area requires an efficient enforcement of competition regulations whose implementation enables the companies to act in line with the law. Without adequate and prompt amending of the Law on Competition and related by-laws there can be no positive evaluation of the European Commission concerning the progress of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Vladajući položaj na tržištu nije zabranjen, ali je zabranjena njegova zloupotreba. Postoji široka lepeza instrumenata ili praksi ponašanja koji se mogu okarakterizirati kao zloupotreba vladajućeg ...položaja određenog privrednog subjekta, pod uvjetom da ograničavaju, narušavaju ili sprečavaju konkurenciju na mjerodavnom tržištu. Privredni subjekti, često koristeći različite šeme rabata (popusta), zloupotrebljavaju položaj, što se podvodi pod primjenu nejednakih uvjeta na istovrsne poslove s ostalim trgovinskim partnerima, čime ih se stavlja u nepovoljan položaj u odnosu na konkurenciju. Rabati u pravu konkurencije predstavljaju jedno kontraverzno područje, ali i područje u kojem se napravio veliki pomak ka modernizaciji i prelasku s formalnopravne analize uvjeta koji se trebaju ispuniti da bi se određeno ponašanje smatralo zloupotrebom, na procjenu učinka ponašanja po tržišnu konkurenciju utemeljenu na ekonomskom instrumentariju. Rad se bavi pitanjem rabata s aspekta trgovačke prakse i prava konkurencije imajući u vidu pravo i praksu Evropske unije te Bosne i Hercegovine.
Ekonomska analiza prava bavi se primjenom ekonomske teorije i ekonomskog instrumentarija na pravne sadržaje, probleme i institute. Kada se ekonomska teorija, instrumentarij i modeli primjenjuju kako ...bi definirali pojam kriminaliteta ili dali odgovor na pitanje kako definirati i odmjeriti krivičnu sankciju koja bi činjenje krivičnog djela učinila "skupim" s aspekta troškova potencijalnog počinitelja, onda se govori o ekonomskoj analizi krivičnog prava. Ekonomska analiza krivičnog prava spaja ekonomske modele kriminala s kriminološkim s ciljem iznalaženja odgovora na globalne trendove u kojim se pravna nauka i praksa stavljaju pred izazove primjene efikasnosti kao osnovnog ekonomskog principa, ne zanemarujući pri tome pravednost, legalnost i legitimnost kao osnovne postulate na kojima pravo počiva. Ekonomska analiza krivičnog prava se, pored kreiranja pravne norme koja treba da eliminira vanjske poticaje za činjenje krivičnog djela, bavi i samim sudskim postupkom. Upečatljiv primjer je sporazum o priznanju krivnje. To je praksa kojom se okrivljeni izjašnjava krivim u zamjenu za umanjenje kazne. Sporazum o priznanju krivnje ima jasno opravdanje u efikasnosti. To je jeftiniji način da se dobije presuda kojom se optuženi proglašava krivim. Rad ima za cilj prikazati ekonomski pristup razumijevanju sporazuma o priznanju krivnje i njegovo mjesto u krivičnom procesu na temelju pretpostavki o racionalnom ponašanju tužitelja i optuženog, pri čemu optuženi nastoji minimizirati svoju rizik, a tužitelj želi maksimizirati određenu mjeru uspjeha u rješavanju predmeta suočavajući se s finansijskim i vremenskim ograničenjima.
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