We construct a quasi-canonical lifting of a
K
3 surface of finite height over a finite field of characteristic
p
≥
3
. Such results are previously obtained by Nygaard–Ogus when
p
≥
5
. For this ...purpose, we use the display-theoretic deformation theory developed by Langer, Zink, and Lau. We study the display structure of the crystalline cohomology of deformations of a
K
3 surface of finite height in terms of the Dieudonné display of the enlarged formal Brauer group.
Mathematical models for signaling pathways are helpful for understanding molecular mechanism in the pathways and predicting dynamic behavior of the signal activity. To analyze the robustness of such ...models, local sensitivity analysis has been implemented. However, such analysis primarily focuses on only a certain parameter set, even though diverse parameter sets that can recapitulate experiments may exist. In this study, we performed sensitivity analysis that investigates the features in a system considering the reproducible and multiple candidate values of the model parameters to experiments. The results showed that although different reproducible model parameter values have absolute differences with respect to sensitivity strengths, specific trends of some relative sensitivity strengths exist between reactions regardless of parameter values. It is suggested that (i) network structure considerably influences the relative sensitivity strength and (ii) one might be able to predict relative sensitivity strengths specified in the parameter sets employing only one of the reproducible parameter sets.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The chloroplast is essential for the viability of plants. It is enclosed by a double-membrane envelope that originated from the outer and plasma membranes of a cyanobacterial endosymbiont. ...Chloroplast biogenesis depends on binary fission and import of nuclear-encoded proteins. Our understanding of the mechanisms and evolutionary origins of these processes has been greatly advanced by recent genetic and biochemical studies on envelope-localized multiprotein machines. Furthermore, the latest studies on outer envelope proteins have provided molecular insights into organelle movement and membrane lipid remodeling, activities that are vital for plant survival under diverse environmental conditions. Ongoing and future research on the chloroplast outer envelope should add to our knowledge of organelle biology and the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Recreational activities in coastal waters that are polluted by enteric viruses can result in gastroenteritis etc. In this study, the pollution profiles of enteric viruses were examined in the coastal ...area of Tokyo Bay, Japan, by collecting 57 water samples from three different depths (0.5 m, 3.0 m, and 5.0 m) during and after a series of heavy rainfall events. Vertically spatial and temporal changes in the concentrations of NoV genogroup I (GI) and genogroup II (GII), pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and Aichi virus (AiV) were determined using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, while those of the bacterial indicator, Escherichia coli, and F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNA phages) were monitored using culture methods. PMMoV was highly abundant (1.4 × 104–6.8 × 106 genome copies/L), whereas the concentrations of the other enteric viruses were relatively low (AiV, 1.3 × 102–2.9 × 104; GI, 2.9 × 10–5.6 × 103; GII, 2.5 × 10–1.2 × 104 genome copies/L). All of the viruses showed lower fluctuations in concentration than E. coli, which increased up to 460-fold after the rainfall event and then decreased over the subsequent two weeks. The maximum vertical difference in E. coli concentration was observed immediately after the rainfall. The E. coli reached the surface and then gradually spread down, whereas the virus concentrations exhibited few fluctuations due to the remaining effects of the previous combined sewer overflows. These findings indicate that viruses have a relatively long retention period over fecal indicator bacteria in this coastal area.
Display omitted
•Concentrations of viruses increased during and after rainfall events.•Vertical profiles of viruses and E. coli were examined.•All of the viruses showed less fluctuation in concentration than E. coli.•E. coli reached the surface and then gradually spread down.•Viruses had a relatively long retention period in this coastal area.
Immunological memory is thought to be mediated exclusively by lymphocytes. However, enhanced innate immune responses caused by a previous infection increase protection against reinfection, which ...suggests the presence of innate immunological memory. Here we identified an important role for the stress-response transcription factor ATF7 in innate immunological memory. ATF7 suppressed a group of genes encoding factors involved in innate immunity in macrophages by recruiting the histone H3K9 dimethyltransferase G9a. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide, which mimics bacterial infection, induced phosphorylation of ATF7 via the kinase p38, which led to the release of ATF7 from chromatin and a decrease in repressive histone H3K9me2 marks. A partially disrupted chromatin structure and increased basal expression of target genes were maintained for long periods, which enhanced resistance to pathogens. ATF7 might therefore be important in controlling memory in cells of the innate immune system.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
Post-gastrectomy weight loss is associated with deterioration in quality of life, and influences the long-term prognosis of gastric cancer patients. We conducted a prospective, randomized ...controlled, open-label study to examine whether an oral elemental diet (Elental
®
, Ajinomoto Pharmaceuticals, Tokyo, Japan; hereafter referred to as ED) prevents postoperative weight loss in post-gastrectomy patients.
Methods
Patients were randomly divided to receive the ED or control diet. The ED group received 300 kcal of ED plus their regular diet for 6–8 weeks after surgery, starting from the day the patient started a soft rice or equivalent diet after surgery, while the control group received the regular diet alone. The primary endpoint was the percentage of body weight loss (%BWL) from the presurgical body weight to that at 6–8 weeks after surgery. Secondary endpoints were dietary adherence, nutrition-related blood parameters, and adverse events.
Results
This study included 112 patients in eight hospitals. The mean treatment compliance rate in the ED group was 68.7 ± 30.4 % (median 81.2 %). The %BWL was significantly different between the ED and control groups (4.86 ± 3.72 vs. 6.60 ± 4.90 %, respectively;
p
= 0.047). In patients who underwent total gastrectomy, the %BWL was significantly different between the two groups (5.03 ± 3.65 vs. 9.13 ± 5.43 %, respectively;
p
= 0.012). In multivariate analysis, ED treatment, surgery type, and preoperative performance status were independently associated with %BWL. No significant differences were observed in the other clinical variables.
Conclusions
ED supplementation reduced postoperative weight loss in gastric cancer patients undergoing gastrectomy.
The CARMA1–Bcl10–MALT1 (CBM) signalosome is a crucial module of NF‐κB activation in B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Biophysical studies have shown that the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF6 cooperatively ...modifies the CBM signalosome; however, the specific details regarding how TRAF6 is involved in BCR signal‐induced CBM formation remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to reveal the influences of TRAF6 on CBM formation and TAK1 and IKK activities using DT40 B cells which lack all the exons of TRAF6. In TRAF6‐null cells we found: (i) attenuation of TAK1 activity and abolishment of IKK activity and (ii) sustained binding of CARMA1 to Bcl10. To account for the molecular mechanism causing these dynamics, we performed a mathematical model analysis. The mathematical model analysis showed that the regulation of IKK activation by TRAF6 can reproduce TAK1 and IKK activities in TRAF6 null cells, and that the TRAF6 related signal‐dependent inhibitor suppresses CARMA1 binding to Bcl10 in wild‐type cells. These results suggest that TRAF6 contributes to the positive regulation of IKK activation via TAK1, alongside the negative signal‐dependent regulation of CARMA1 binding to Bcl10.
Toc75 plays a central role in chloroplast biogenesis in plants as the membrane channel of the protein import translocon at the outer envelope of chloroplasts (TOC). Toc75 is a member of the Omp85 ...family of bacterial and organellar membrane insertases, characterized by N-terminal POTRA (polypeptide-transport associated) domains and C-terminal membrane-integrated β-barrels. We demonstrate that the Toc75 POTRA domains are essential for protein import and contribute to interactions with TOC receptors, thereby coupling preprotein recognition at the chloroplast surface with membrane translocation. The POTRA domains also interact with preproteins and mediate the recruitment of molecular chaperones in the intermembrane space to facilitate membrane transport. Our studies are consistent with the multi-functional roles of POTRA domains observed in other Omp85 family members and demonstrate that the domains of Toc75 have evolved unique properties specific to the acquisition of protein import during endosymbiotic evolution of the TOC system in plastids.
Stripe rust is a devastating fungal disease of wheat caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp tritici (Pst). The WHEAT KINASE START1 (WKS1) resistance gene has an unusual combination of serine/threonine ...kinase and START lipid binding domains and confers partial resistance to Pst. Here, we show that wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants transformed with the complete WKS1 (variant WKS1.1) are resistant to Pst, whereas those transformed with an alternative splice variant with a truncated START domain (WKS1.2) are susceptible. WKS1.1 and WKS1.2 preferentially bind to the same lipids (phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol phosphates) but differ in their protein-protein interactions. WKS1.1 is targeted to the chloroplast where it phosphorylates the thylakoid-associated ascorbate peroxidase (tAPX) and reduces its ability to detoxify peroxides. Increased expression of WKS1.1 in transgenic wheat accelerates leaf senescence in the absence of Pst. Based on these results, we propose that the phosphorylation of tAPX by WKS1.1 reduces the ability of the cells to detoxify reactive oxygen species and contributes to cell death. This response takes several days longer than typical hypersensitive cell death responses, thus allowing the limited pathogen growth and restricted sporulation that is characteristic of the WKS1 partial resistance response to Pst.
The chloroplast is surrounded by a double‐membrane envelope at which proteins, ions, and numerous metabolites including nucleotides, amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates are exchanged between ...the two aqueous phases, the cytoplasm and the chloroplast stroma. The chloroplast envelope is also the location where the biosynthesis and accumulation of various lipids take place. By contrast to the inner membrane, which contains a number of specific transporters and acts as the permeability barrier, the chloroplast outer membrane has often been considered a passive compartment derived from the phagosomal membrane. However, the presence of galactoglycerolipids and β‐barrel membrane proteins support the common origin of the outer membranes of the chloroplast envelope and extant cyanobacteria. Furthermore, recent progress in the field underlines that the chloroplast outer envelope plays important roles not only for translocation of various molecules, but also for regulation of metabolic activities and signaling processes. The chloroplast outer envelope membrane offers various interesting and challenging questions that are relevant to the understanding of organelle biogenesis, plant growth and development, and also membrane biology in general.
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