Članek v kontekstualni analizi besedišča o ljubezni v Evripidovi Medeji in svetopisemski Visoki pesmi odpira temeljno metodološko vprašanje, kakšno je v grški kulturi razmerje med semantičnim poljem ...glagola erân in samostalnika érōs, ki označujeta čutno in spolno ljubezen, ter semantičnim poljem glagola agapân in samostalnika agápē, ki označujeta duhovno raven ljubezni. V grškem prevodu Stare zaveze (Septuaginta) so glagol agapân in samostalnik agápē povsod uporabili za prevod hebrejskega glagola ’āhab in samostalnika ’ăhābāh, ki izražata celoten razpon ljubezni, od izrazito čutne do izrazito duhovne izkušnje. Članek kritično presoja težnjo razlagalcev, da že na osnovi besedišča vidijo nasprotje med »erotičnim« oziroma »duhovnim« pomenom navedenega besedišča in premalo, če sploh, upoštevajo polisemno rabo besedišča. Polisemna raba besede agápē v stari grški kulturi in religiji se med drugim kaže v tem, da izbira samostalnika agápē oziroma glagola agapân namesto samostalnika érōs oziroma glagola erân v najstarejšem grškem prevodu Stare zaveze ne pomeni izključevanja erotične razsežnosti ljubezni. Že v zgodnjem krščanstvu pa se včasih pojavlja tudi raba besede érōs v primerih strastne človekove ljubezni do Boga, za katero bi pričakovali izbiro samostalnika agápē oziroma glagola agapân.
The Joseph story in Genesis 37-50 is a homogeneous literary narrative, although it consists of various sources (J, E, P). The key to understanding the narrative is the statement at the beginning of ...the story about the special relationship of Jacob’s (Israel’s) father to his younger son Joseph and the negative reaction of Joseph’s brothers to his advantage over them: »Now Israel loved (ʼāhab) Joseph more than any of his other sons /…/ And when his brothers saw that their father loved him (kî-ʼōtô ʼāhab ’ăbîhem) more than all his brothers they hated him (wayyiśněʼû ʼōtô) /…/« (Gen 37:3-4). The article is based on a semantic and literary analysis of the structure of the narrative, which stands out for its contrasts. In revealing the literary manner of demonstrating the work of characters in their positive or negative role, we find out how much the characters act under the influence of their own desires, passions or ideals and how much their presentation is under the influence of a higher plan of history in a broader perspective of biblical theology and ethics.
Priča o Josipu u Postanku 37-50 je homogena književna pripovijest, iako je sastavljena od različitih izvora (J, E, P). Ključ za razumijevanje pripovijesti je izjava s početka priče o posebnom odnosu oca Jakova (Izraela) prema njegovom mlađem sinu Josipu te o negativnoj reakciji Josipove braće na njegovu nadmoć nad njima: »Izrael je volio (’ āhab) Josip više od svih njegovih sinova /…/ Kad su braća vidjela da ga njihov otac voli (kî-ʼōtô ʼāhab ăbîhem) više od sve njegove braće, zamrzili su ga (wayyiśněʼû ʼōtô) /…/« (Postanak 37,3-4). Josip je prikazan kao primjer onoga koji vidi stvarnost izvan privida i onoga koji nadilazi opasnosti vlastitog interesa. Ipak, postaje žrtva zavisti svoje braće, deformiran željom za samopotvrđivanjem i nadmoći. Josipovo nepokolebljivo pouzdanje u Boga pomaže mu da se, na poziciji moći, ne osvećuje svojoj braći za neutemeljenu mržnju, već da izabere put oprosta i pomirenja. Prilog se temelji na semantičkoj i književnoj analizi strukture pripovijetke koja se ističe svojim kontrastima. Razotkrivajući literarni način prikazivanja postupaka likova u njihovoj pozitivnoj ili negativnoj ulozi, utvrđujemo koliko ti likovi djeluju pod utjecajem vlastitih želja, strasti ili ideala, a koliko je njihov prikaz pod utjecajem nekog višeg plana povijesti u široj perspektivi biblijske teologije i etike. U analizi pripovijesti o Josipu pozornost se posvećuje jezičnim, semantičkim i književnim izražajnim sredstvima koja čine vanjsku i unutarnju kompoziciju cijele priče. Obraćamo pozornost na ključne riječi i fraze koje izražavaju osjećaj ljubavi i njegovu suprotnost u ogorčenju i mržnji. Također veliku pozornost posvećujemo visinama i dubinama narativne umjetnosti u prikazivanju emocija protagonista, koji svoje osjećaje ljubavi, mržnje, laži, straha, kajanja i krivnje izražavaju kroz umjetničke narativne pristupe. Glavni fokus je, međutim, na prikazu dijametralnog kontrasta između osjetljivosti Josipove braće s jedne strane i Josipa s druge strane u pogledu interakcije ljudskih i božanskih čimbenika u tijeku priče od početka do kraja.
This article deals with literary depictions of social, political, cultural and religious circumstances in which children who have lost one or both parents at birth or at a later age have found ...themselves. The weakest members of society, the children looked at here are exposed to dangers, exploitation and violence, but are fortunate enough to be rescued by a relative or other sympathetic person acting out of benevolence. Recognizing that the relationship between the orphaned child, who is in mortal danger, and a rescuer, who most frequently appears unexpectedly in a relationship, has been portrayed in narratives throughout the ages and that we can therefore speak of it as being an archetypal one, the article focuses especially on three novels by Charles Dickens – Oliver Twist (1837–1839), David Copperfield (1849–1850) and Great Expectations (1860–1861) – and in Fugitive Pieces (1996) by Canadian writer Anne Michaels. Charles Dickens earned the reputation of a classic writer through his original literary figures of orphaned children in the context of the rough capitalism of the Victorian era of the 19th century. Such originality also distinguishes Anne Michaels, whose novel Fugitive Pieces portrays the utterly traumatic circumstances that a Jewish boy is exposed to after the Germans kill his parents during the Holocaust. All the central children’s lives in these extreme situations are saved by generous people, thus highlighting the central idea of both selected authors: that evil cannot overcome good. Rescuers experience their selfless resolve to save extremely powerless and unprotected child victims of violence from life-threatening situations as a self-evident moral imperative. Through their profound and deeply experienced descriptions of memories of traumas successfully overcome by central literary figures in a spirit of compassion and solidarity, Charles Dickens and Anne Michaels have left testaments of hope against hope for future generations.
The article provides a brief overview of the milestones that have encouraged new approaches to the missionary activities of the Church throughout history. The main purpose is to determine how the ...Second Vatican Council responded to the process of globalization after the Second World War, what its understanding of inculturation was, and what new pathways for evangelization were sought in the missionary activities of the Church. The methodological principle is the comparative analysis of documents on the foundations, goals and means of pursuing the mission in a spirit of dialogue, enabling the recognition of good contributions from non-Christian religions. The article also includes more recent theological discourse on new challenges in attitudes to the mission.
The themes of longing, weakness and temptation are relevant to every human and are interwoven with all fundamental ideals and values of the created, rational being. Temptation is all the more ...dramatic, the broader the perspective of recognition, the power of human longing and the sense of the difference between good and evil. This book is a summary of a study which compares and contrasts Slovenian and European literary works created under the influence of biblical source texts (Adam and Eve, Joseph from Egypt, Samson and Dalilah, etc.) and the works of other known and unknown origins (Homer's Iliad, Goethe's Faust, various versions of the myth of the Fair Vida, etc.). The ascribing of a text to a genre provides the interpreter of the text with a key intertextual framework and with a system of references to other books, other texts, other literary statements. The intertextual approach is obviously appropriate to the study of contents, symbols and forms of literary works. It shows how the source text continues to speak through the new work and how the new work forces new meanings from the source text. Later writers use important themes with a historical sense, when aiming toward a better understanding of authenticity of human existence.
The aim of the article is to show the advantages of the method of analysis of lexical and semantic fields in the field of literature while showing the polysemy of the vocabulary that expresses the ...semantic aspects of the concept of truth in the Bible. Semantic field analysis considers basic linguistic, literary, and rhetorical structures from the smallest units, such as a line, to larger fragments of various types and genres of texts. Special attention is paid to the constant connections between synonyms and antonyms in the typical biblical parallelismus membrorum and in other basic literary forms. The starting point of any analysis is the consideration of the relationship between synonyms and antonyms with a similar meaning. Literary structures of semantic fields that express the dimensions of the concept of “truth” in the Hebrew Bible include synonyms and antonyms of the root ʼmn. The root ʼmn is mostly used in the sense of “firmness, steadfastness, trustworthiness, constancy, duration, faithfulness, truth” in relation to God and humanity. From the basic meaning of the root ʼmn comes the meaning of faith as trust in someone whom a person considers reliable, trustworthy. In order to understand the entire semantic scope of the concept of truth, in the analysis of the original text we also take into account the use of vocabulary in the most influential translations of the Bible, such as the Septuagint and the Vulgate, in current everyday use and in the development of theological vocabulary in the field of philosophy and theology. The traditional understanding of the term “truth” in everyday speech is focused on conformity with some fact or with the external circumstances of a certain reality and on the evidence of “fairness” in relations between people. The analysis of semantic fields finally helps us to determine what are the specific aspects of the biblical concept of truth compared to ancient and modern secular literature.
Članek daje kratek pregled mejnikov, ki so spodbudili nove pristope v misijonski dejavnosti Cerkve skozi zgodovino. Poglavitni namen je ugotoviti, kako se je Drugi vatikanski koncil odzval na proces ...globalizacije po drugi svetovni vojni, kakšno je bilo njegovo razumevanje inkulturacije in kakšno iskanje novih poti evangelizacije v misijonski dejavnosti Cerkve. Metodološko načelo je primerjalna analiza dokumentov o utemeljevanju, cilju in načinu izvajanja misijona v duhu dialoga, ki omogoča prepoznavanje dobrih vsebin nekrščanskih verstev. Članek vključuje tudi novejši teološki diskurz o novih izzivih v pristopih k misijonu.
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