Epigenetic control of fetal gene expression NAFEE, T. M; FARRELL, W. E; CARROLL, W. D ...
BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology,
2008, 2008-Jan, 20080101, Letnik:
115, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Each differentiated cell type has its own epigenetic signature, which reflects its genotype, developmental history, and environmental influences, and is ultimately reflected in the phenotype of the ...cell and organism. Some cells undergo major epigenetic 'reprogramming' during fetal development. The proper, or improper, handling of these highly sensitive periods may have significant short-term and long-term effects on the newborn and his/her progeny. This review highlights the impact of environmental and nutritional factors on the epigenome and the potential effect of epigenetic dysregulation on maternal and fetal pregnancy outcomes, as well as possible long-term implications.
Aim
Gestational diabetes (GDM) and mental disorder are common perinatal morbidities and are associated with adverse maternal and child outcomes. While there is a relationship between type 2 diabetes ...and mental disorder, the relationship between GDM and mental disorder has been less studied. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the prevalence of mental disorders in women with GDM and their risk for mental disorders compared with women without GDM.
Methods
Published, peer‐reviewed literature measuring prevalence and/or odds of GDM and perinatal mental disorders was reviewed systematically. Risk of bias was assessed using a checklist. Two independent reviewers were involved. Analyses were grouped by stage of peripartum, i.e. antepartum at the time of GDM diagnosis and after diagnosis, and in the postpartum.
Results
Sixty‐two studies were included. There was an increased risk of depressive symptoms in the antenatal period around the time of diagnosis of GDM odds ratio (OR) 2.08; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42, 3.05 and in the postnatal period (OR 1.59; 95% CI 1.26, 2.00).
Conclusions
Given the potential relationship between GDM and perinatal mental disorders, integration of physical and mental healthcare in women experiencing GDM and mental disorders could improve short‐ and long‐term outcomes for women and their children.
What's new?
Type 2 diabetes is associated with an increased risk of mental disorder, particularly depression.
There is some emerging evidence that gestational diabetes (GDM) may also be associated with mental disorder, particularly postnatal depression.
GDM is associated with an increased risk of both antenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms, with the highest risk around the time of GDM diagnosis.
All healthcare professionals working with women with GDM should be aware of this increased risk for mental disorder because effective treatment of the disorder could improve outcomes for women and their children.
In his celebrated book on Ismāʿīlī law entitled Dāʿāʾim al-Islām (The Pillars of Islam), al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān has incorporated the full version of a document called the ʿāhd of ʿAlī. It is a long ...document placed around the middle of the last chapter titled kitāb al-jihād (the book on jihād) in the first volume of the Daʿāʾim which deals with the primary section of Islamic law, viz., ʿibādāt, (Acts of Devotion and Religious Observances). Although it is an important early Muslim political document which expresses Islamic concepts of rulership, it is not easily accessible to ordinary readers even in its English translation since it is not published separately. Keywords: Ismāʿīlī, Dāʿāʾim al-Islām, al-Qāḍī al-Nuʿmān, The Pillars of Islam.
Aim
To examine the types of interventions currently available for people with Type 1 diabetes mellitus and their effectiveness.
Background
The prevalence of disordered eating in people with Type 1 ...diabetes mellitus is twice that in their counterparts without diabetes, and is associated with worse biomedical outcomes and greater mortality.
Methods
Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library, PubMed and OpenGrey databases were searched up to August 2016 to identify studies on interventions in people with Type 1 diabetes‐associated disordered eating. For the systematic review, intervention components were identified and their effectiveness was examined. For the meta‐analysis, the pooled effect sizes of glycaemic control (HbA1c) between pre‐ and post‐treatment in treatment and comparison groups were calculated using a random effects model.
Results
Of 91 s reviewed, six studies met the inclusion criteria, of which three had appropriate data for the meta‐analysis (n = 118). The pooled effect size was –0.21 95% CI (–0.58 to 0.16; where negative values represent an improvement in HbA1c levels), indicating no statistically significant improvement in the treatment group compared with comparison group. Inpatient therapy appeared to be the most effective treatment, and this had multiple components including cognitive behavioural therapy, psychoeducation and family therapy.
Conclusion
Limited or no improvement in glycaemic control and disordered eating symptoms was observed in people with Type 1 diabetes‐associated disordered eating who were receiving currently available interventions. The present review suggests that developing an intensive intervention with a joint focus on both disordered eating and diabetes management is needed for this complex patient group.
What's new?
This is the first systematic review and meta‐analysis to identify interventions available for people with Type 1 diabetes mellitus and co‐occurring disordered eating, and to examine intervention content and efficacy.
Existing interventions do not improve glycaemic control and have little effect on eating psychopathology.
We suggest that an intensive intervention such as inpatient therapy, with a joint focus on disordered eating and diabetes management, is needed.
Our data could be used in conjunction with a theoretical model to tailor an intervention for this patient group.
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•The silkworm, Bombyx mori, is an important insect species that exhibit great temperature sensitivity in the larval stage.•Global warming is one of the serious threats that adversely ...affects the development and reproduction of silkworms.•The fifth instar silkworm larvae were exposed to heat shock at 40 ± 2 °C to examine the changes in the gut microflora.•The study used high throughput sequencing to evaluate the impact of gut microbes in response to high temperature.•The results showed thathigh temperature has a negative impact on the gut microbes compared to the control (25 ± 3 °C).
Global warming is one of the serious threats that adversely affects the development and reproduction of silkworms. The ideal temperature for silkworms to carryout normal life activities is 20–30 °C. Certain bivoltine silkworms that are raised in tropical regions are thermotolerant. But, prolonged exposure to high temperatures may be fatal. In the present study, fifth instar larvae of bivoltine silkworm were exposed to heat shock at 40 ± 2 °C for a short period of one hour per day to examine the changes in the gut microflora. The study used high throughput sequencing to evaluate the impact of intestinal microbes of silkworms in response to high temperature. The findings demonstrated that elevated temperature has a negative impact on the intestinal microbes of silkworm compared to the control which were reared under the optimum temperature (25 ± 3° C). Four hundred and fifty eight (458) species of microbes were reported in the control group whereas only 434 species were reported in the temperature exposed group. The digestive process of silkworms may also be impaired by heat shock due to their effect on digestive enzymes. So, the results indicated that heat shock has an impact on the intestinal microflora of silkworms that control the activity of associated digestive enzymes which affects the digestion and nutritional intake, eventually impacting the growth and development of silkworm larvae and cocoons produced. The morphometric parameters of silkworm larvae and cocoons also showed a considerable drop when exposed to heat shock.
In molecular and cellular biological research, cell isolation and sorting are required for accurate investigation of a specific cell types. By employing unique cell properties to distinguish between ...cell types, rapid and accurate sorting with high efficiency is possible. Though conventional methods can provide high efficiency sorting using the specific properties of cell, microfluidics systems pave the way to utilize multiple cell properties in a single pass. This improves the selectivity of target cells from multiple cell types with increased purity and recovery rate while maintaining higher throughput comparable to conventional systems. This review covers the breadth of microfluidic platforms for isolation of cellular subtypes based on their intrinsic (e.g., electrical, magnetic, and compressibility) and extrinsic properties (e.g., size, shape, morphology and surface markers). The review concludes by highlighting the advantages and limitations of the reviewed techniques which then suggests future research directions. Addressing these challenges will lead to improved purity, throughput, viability and recovery of cells and be an enabler for novel downstream analysis of cells.
Ingestion of a corrosive substance may cause corrosive esophagitis. Curcumin has anti-inflammatory and mucosal protective effects. In this study, the effects of curcumin on the acute phase of ...corrosive esophagitis were investigated. Twenty-seven Wistar Albino rats were divided into four groups; sham (group I), control (group II), and experiment groups (group III, 100 mg/kg curcumin; group IV, 200 mg/kg curcumin). Forty percent sodium hydroxide solution was used to erode the esophagi of rats in groups other than the sham group. Curcumin was applied to animals in the experiment groups 10 min after the corrosion. After 24 h, animals were sacrificed, and esophagus samples were collected. According to the histopathological examination, the muscularis mucosa damage was regressed from 100% in group II to 71.4% in group III and 50% in group IV. Mild level of damage and collagen deposition in the tunica muscularis regressed from 66.7% of the animals in the control group to 42.9% in group III and to none in group IV. Further, an increase in submucosal collagen was present in all samples from groups II and III, while 83.3% of samples had an increase in submucosal collagen in group IV. There was a significant difference in the histopathological total score between the control group and group IV (p=0.02). The results showed that the administration of curcumin in a dose-dependent manner can relieve the acute phase of corrosive esophagitis.
Combination of a grid connected photovoltaic (PV) plant with a compressed air energy storage system (CAES) and a city gate station (CGS) has been proposed and investigated recently, leading to ...satisfactory performance results. The only deficiency of this system is the huge amount of fuel required to provide its heating demand. In this work, feasibility of employing evacuated tube solar thermal systems to supply the heating demand of the hybrid power plant is studied. After presenting detailed mathematical modeling, the solar heating units and other components of the power plant are properly sized. The results of simulations demonstrate that a total of 7000 evacuated tube collectors are required in the system, leading to elimination of the air heater from the CAES system completely and 17.2% fuel saving at the CGS. The total annual solar heat of 17.5 GWh is supplied for the system, 214 GWh power could directly be sold to the grid, 9.7 GWh power slumps is recovered and 53.5 GWh power is produced at nights. In the end, internal rate of return (IRR) method is used to compare economically the proposed system with similar systems proposed previously, outperforming all of the other candidates with an IRR of 11.1%.
•Employing evacuated tube solar system in a hybrid power plant is proposed.•Thorough energy-economic analysis on the proposed configuration is accomplished.•All of the components in the proposed system are properly sized and designed.•The proposed configuration is economically compared to other similar power plants.•The proponed system outperforms all other candidates with an IRR of 11.1%.
Please cite this paper as: Kalis V, Laine K, de Leeuw J, Ismail K, Tincello D. Classification of episiotomy: towards a standardisation of terminology. BJOG 2012;119:522–526.
Seven episiotomy ...incisions are described in the literature, although only midline, mediolateral or lateral episiotomies are commonly used. Recent research has demonstrated variations in both site and direction of the incision, and differences between the angle of incision at the time of crowning of the fetal head and the angle of the scar once the wound has been repaired. We review this evidence and suggest that this variation may undermine the reliability of much published work. We suggest a standardised definition of each type of episiotomy to establish uniformity going forward, so that future studies are amenable to comparison and meta‐analysis.
Aim
We conducted a systematic review aggregate and network meta‐analysis of psychological interventions for people with type 1 diabetes to assess their effectiveness in improving glycaemic levels.
...Methods
We searched the following databases from 1 January 2003 to 1 July 2018: MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Embase, Cochrane Controlled Trials, Web of Science, clinicaltrials.gov, Dissertation International. We included randomized controlled trials (RCT) of psychological interventions for children and adults with type 1 diabetes reported in any language. We extracted data on publications, participant characteristics at baseline, intervention and control group, and data for the primary outcome, change in glycaemic control HbA1c (mmol/mol/%). Study authors were contacted for missing data. The review was registered with international prospective register of systematic reviews registration (PROSPERO) CRD42016033619.
Results
Twenty‐four adult RCTs and 23 of children with type 1 diabetes were included in the systematic review. In aggregate meta‐analysis there was no overall effect of psychological intervention compared with control on HbA1c adults, nine RCTs, n = 1102, pooled mean difference −0.12, 95% confidence intervals (CI) −0.27 to 0.03, I2 = 29.0%, P = 0.19; children, 20 RCTs, n = 2567, −0.09, 95% CI −0.22 to 0.04, I2=54.0% P=0.002. Network meta‐analysis suggested that probability and rank‐ordering of effectiveness is highest for attention control groups (b = −0.47, 95% CI −0.80 to −0.12) followed by cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) (−0.26, 95% CI −0.45 to −0.06) compared with usual care for adults.
Conclusions
Overall psychological interventions for children and adults with type 1 diabetes do not improve glycaemic control. For adults, CBT‐based interventions have the potential to be effective.
What's new?
A previous systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) of psychological interventions to improve glycaemic control demonstrated an effect for children with type 1 diabetes but not adults, with a reduction in HbA1c of 5 mmol/mol (0.5%).
The current review synthesized data from nine adult (n = 1102) and 20 child RCTs (n = 2567) in an aggregate meta‐analysis; there was no improvement/reduction in HbA1c for children or adults.
Network meta‐analysis for adults demonstrated that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and attention control were associated with statistically and clinically significant HbA1c reduction.
Psychological interventions are not indicated for improving glycaemic control for people with type 1 diabetes. For adults, CBT‐based interventions have the potential to be effective.
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