This review analyzes the issues associated with biodegradation of glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine), one of the most widespread herbicides. Glyphosate can accumulate in natural environments and ...can be toxic not only for plants but also for animals and bacteria. Microbial transformation and mineralization of glyphosate, as the only means of its rapid degradation, are discussed in detail. The different pathways of glyphosate catabolism employed by the known destructing bacteria representing different taxonomic groups are described. The potential existence of alternative glyphosate degradation pathways, apart from those mediated by C-P lyase and glyphosate oxidoreductase, is considered. Since the problem of purifying glyphosate-contaminated soils and water bodies is a topical issue, the possibilities of applying glyphosate-degrading bacteria for their bioremediation are discussed.
This article is devoted to the formation of an effective system for managing the reproduction of personnel potential in the region's agriculture. The novelty of the development consists in ...distinguishing the stages: first, an analysis of the functioning of the industry; the second is the construction of mathematical models according to the most important indicators that allow a comprehensive assessment of the processes occurring in the industry; the third - an assessment of the level of personnel potential, indicators of its reproduction, forecasting the rate of reproduction in agriculture; fourth - the development of general provisions of the target program "Formation and implementation of a system for managing the reproduction of personnel potential in agriculture of the Chuvash Republic"; fifth - the development of a mechanism for implementing the program; sixth, forecasts of changes in indicators that influence the rate of reproduction in the industry are justified; seventh - the rationale for calculating the national economic, economic and budgetary effectiveness of program activities. The effectiveness of the developed system is justified by the dynamics of the rate of reproduction of personnel potential (the input level is estimated and an increase in the output potential level is noted), which affects the efficiency of reproduction processes in agriculture, which is the evidence base for the appropriateness of the development of personnel resources.
The methylotrophic Pichia angusta VKM Y-2559 and the oleaginous Cryptococcus curvatus VKM Y-3288 yeast cells were immobilized in a bimodal silica-organic sol-gel matrix comprised of tetraethoxysilane ...(TEOS), the hydrophobic additive methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) and the porogen polyethylene glycol (PEG). Under carefully optimized experimental conditions, employing basic catalysts, yeast cells have become the nucleation centers for a silica-organic capsule assembled around the cells. The dynamic process involved in the formation of the sol-gel matrix has been investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopic techniques. The results demonstrated the influence of the MTES composition on the nature of the encapsulation of the yeast cells, together with the architecture of the three-dimensional (3D) sol-gel biomatrix that forms during the encapsulation process. A silica capsule was found to form around each yeast cell when using 85 vol% MTES. This capsule was found to protect the microorganisms from the harmful effects that result from exposure to heavy metal ions and UV radiation. The encapsulated P. angusta BKM Y-2559 cells were then employed as a biosensing element for the detection of methanol. The P. angusta-based biosensor is characterized by high reproducibility (Sr, 1%) and operational stability, where the biosensor remains viable for up to 28 days.
The relevance of the study is determined by the increasing role of risks in the formation of motivation programs aimed at retaining managers of the middle and top levels of organization management. ...The purpose of the study was to identify risks that arise in the process of implementing motivation programs for managerial personnel. In the study, the following tasks were solved: determining the sources and risk factors; assessing the probability of risks and the level of possible consequences of a risk event; identifying the risks that are most priority for management based on building a risk map; development of ways to reduce risks that reduce the effectiveness of the implementation of motivational programs to retain managers of the organization. The work uses systematic and situational approaches, expert assessment, the survey method and the Delphi method, risk mapping. The developed measures to eliminate risks will allow organizations to prevent reputational and financial losses and analyze the effectiveness of each implemented motivational tool to retain the leaders of the organization.
Reversible photochromic hybrid organic–inorganic films containing nanocrystalline cellulose as a matrix and tungsten oxide as a photochromic component (CNC/WO
3
) were obtained via a simple and quick ...solvent casting method. The films were studied by scanning electron microscopy, together with element mapping, FT-IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, confirming successful incorporation of WO
3
nanoparticles into a nanocellulose matrix. Thermal analysis data indicated that the modification of a nanocellulose matrix with WO
3
increases its thermal stability. The CNC/WO
3
films showed a quick coloration-bleaching transition with good reversibility within 20 min, without notable degradation of photochromic properties after 10 cycles. The synthetic method proposed allows for scalable preparation of highly efficient low-cost WO
3
-based photochromic materials.
Graphic abstract
The vegetative organs of common basil (
Ocimum basilicum
L.) grown in water culture at different levels of illumination (50, 100, and 150 μmol PAR quanta/(m
2
s)) for 21 days were studied. In the ...work, the Purple Velvet basil variety, which is popular in agriculture and has intensely colored leaves was used. The biomass, water content, and composition of fatty acids (FA) of total lipids in the leaves and roots of plants and the content of malondialdehyde and chlorophylls (
a, b
) in the aerial parts of plants were determined. The sensitivity of the FA composition and morphophysiological parameters (biomass and chlorophyll content in leaves) of
O. basilicum
plants to the intensity of illumination was shown. The greatest effect was caused by the illumination intensity mode of 150 µmol/(m
2
s). Species composition of
O. basilicum
FA under all lighting conditions was wider in root lipids; however, more pronounced changes in the qualitative composition of FAs were observed in leaves. Photodependent regulation of FA component composition of
O. basilicum
manifested itself in an increase in the proportion of unsaturated FAs, especially polyene ones, which led to an increase in the unsaturation index (UI) of esterified lipid FAs. The highest UI values were obtained with illumination of 150 µmol/(m
2
s). At the same time, with an increase in the illumination intensity, a significant increase in the activity of ω-3 and ω-9-desaturases occurred, which indicates in favor of their light-dependent activation. Thus, increasing the intensity of lighting to certain values directly proportionally affects the physiological parameters of
O. basilicum.
The maximum indicators of productive growth and the implementation of adaptive mechanisms of green and underground parts of basil plants correspond to illumination of 150 µmol/(m
2
s).
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles, obtained using the sol–gel method and modified with organic solvents, such as acetone, acetonitrile, benzene, diethyl ether, dimethyl sulfoxide, toluene, and ...chloroform, were used as the filler of polydimethylsiloxane-based electrorheological fluids. The effect of electric field strength on the shear stress and yield stress of electrorheological fluids was investigated, as well as the spectra of their dielectric relaxation in the frequency range from 25 to 106 Hz. Modification of titanium dioxide by polar molecules was found to enhance the electrorheological effect, as compared with unmodified TiO2, in accordance with the widely accepted concept of polar molecule dominated electrorheological effect (PM-ER). The most unexpected result of this study was an increase in the electrorheological effect during the application of nonpolar solvents with zero or near-zero dipole moments as the modifiers. It is suggested that nonpolar solvents, besides providing additional polarization effects at the filler particles interface, alter the internal pressure in the gaps between the particles. As a result, the filler particles are attracted to one another, leading to an increase in their aggregation and the formation of a network of bonds between the particles through liquid bridge contacts. Such changes in the electrorheological fluid structure result in a significant increase in the mechanical strength of the structures that arise when an electric field is applied, and an increase in the observed electrorheological effect in comparison with the unmodified titanium dioxide.
The laccase from Steccherinum murashkinskyi is a member of the large family of multicopper oxidases that catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of organic and inorganic substrates, accompanied by the ...reduction of dioxygen to water. The reducing properties of X‐ray radiation and the high quality of the laccase crystals allow the study of the catalytic reduction of dioxygen to water directly in a crystal. A series of diffraction data sets with increasing absorbed radiation dose were collected from a single crystal of Steccherinum murashkinskyi laccase at 1.35 Å resolution. Changes in the active‐site structure associated with the reduction of molecular oxygen to water on increasing the absorbed dose of ionizing radiation were detected. The structures in the series are mixtures of different states of the enzyme–substrate complex. Nevertheless, it was possible to interpret these structures as complexes of various oxygen ligands with copper ions in different oxidation states. The results allowed the mechanism of oxygen reduction catalyzed by laccases to be refined.
A series of diffraction data sets with increasing absorbed radiation dose were collected from a single crystal of Steccherinum murashkinskyi laccase at 1.35 Å resolution. The mechanism of oxygen reduction catalyzed by laccases is discussed.
ect of substituents on the spectral, coordination, and fluorescent properties of acetonitrile solutions of asymmetrically substituted tetraphenylporphyrins, namely ...5-(4-aminophenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphine, 5-4-(glycylamino)phenyl-10,15,20-triphenylporphin, and 5-4-(
N-tert
-butoxycarbonylglycylamino)phenyl-10,15,20-triphenylporphin, was studied. The kinetic parameters of formation of their zinc complexes were determined. The rate constants of reactions of zinc acetate coordination with the studied ligands depend on their stability in the reaction medium. The doubly protonated forms of ligands had higher quantum yields than the monoprotonated forms, which is probably due to the redistribution of electron density in tetrapyrrole macrocycles controlled by inductive effects.
The current study suggests that a high pretreatment neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and presence of low muscle mass (sarcopenia) are potential risk factors for the development of hyperprogressive ...disease and shorter survival upon treatment with Pembrolizumab.
Summary
The aim of this multi‐center retrospective study was to evaluate the incidence of hyperprogressive disease (HPD) after second‐line treatment with pembrolizumab in patients (n = 167) with metastatic non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumors expressed programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) in ≥ 1% and to search for hematological and imaging biomarkers associated with its development. Prior to chemotherapy, neutrophil : lymphocyte ratio (NLR1) and platelet : lymphocyte ratio (PLR1), and prior to immunotherapy, NLR2 and PLR2 were retrospectively analyzed. The psoas major muscle area (PMMA) was calculated at the L3 position on computed tomography before chemotherapy (PMMA1) and before immunotherapy (PMMA2) (n = 112). Patients with ∆PMMA (1‐PMMA2/PMMA1) × 100 ≥ 10% were considered to have sarcopenia (low muscle mass). After treatment with pembrolizumab on the first computerized tomography (CT) scan evaluation, patients were subdivided as follows as: hyperprogressors (HPs), progressors (Ps), non‐progressors (NPs) and pseudoprogressors (PPs). HPs had significantly higher ∆PMMA levels, NLR2 and PLR2 than the other patients. Moreover, in multinomial logistic regression analysis, higher levels of ∆PMMA were associated with a decreased likelihood of being a P odds ratio (OR) = 0·81; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0·65–0·99; P = 0·047 or an NP (OR = 0·76; 95% CI = 0·62–0·94; P = 0·012) versus an HP. Higher NLRs tended to decrease the likelihood of being a P versus an HP (OR = 0·66; 95% CI = 0·42–1·06; P = 0·09) and significantly decreased the likelihood of being an NP versus an HP (OR = 0·44; 95% CI = 0·28–0·69; P < 0·0001). Our data suggest that a high pre‐immunotherapy NLR2 and the presence of sarcopenia are potential risk factors for the development of HPD.
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