The costs of drug treatment were evaluated for Parkinson's disease, focal dystonias and epilepsy.
Retrospective analysis over a period of 12 months of 785 patients who visited regularly a ...neurological out-patient department.
Drug treatment caused a mean annual expenditure of DM 3,920.- (US-($) 2590, pounds 1690) for Parkinson's disease (n = 409), DM 3,620.- (US-($) 2390; pounds 1550) for focal dystonias (n = 140) and DM 660.- (US-($) 435, pounds 280) for hemifacial spasm (n = 35) per patient.- In Parkinson's disease costs are dependent on the extent of the disease, the type involved and the presence or absence of motor fluctuations. In Hoehn and Yahr stage I we calculated costs of DM 2,230.- (US-($) 1470; pounds 960), in contrast to DM 11,870.- (US-($) 7830; pounds 5100) in Hoehn and Yahr stage V. The occurrence of fluctuations in motor ability increased annual costs to DM 6,010.- (US-($) 3970, pounds 2580); patients' treatment without motor fluctuations was cheaper (DM 2,700.-; US-($) 1780, pounds 1160).- The annual treatment costs of focal dystonias and facial hemispasm varied due to the location of the involuntary movement and the extent of symptoms: DM 4,900.- (US-($) 3300; pounds 2100) were calculated for the treatment of cervical dystonias, DM 1,480.- (US-($) 930; pounds 600) for the treatment of blepharo-spasm (oromandibular dystonia: DM 1,710.-; US-($) 1200; pounds 800) and DM 600.- (US-($) 470; pounds 300) for the treatment of facial hemispasm.- The drug treatment of epilepsy caused mean costs of DM 1,740.- (US-($) 1160; pounds 750) per year. There were marked differences concerning the different epileptic syndromes and types of seizure.
Costs of drug treatment varied considerably in the three diseases depending on the course, the type and the different forms of the respective disease.
Deep inelastic scattering (DIS) events, selected from 1993 data taken by the H1 experiment at HERA, are studied in the Breit frame of reference. The fragmentation function of the quark is compared ...with those of e+e− data. It is shown that certain aspects of the quarks emerging from within the proton in e−p interactions are essentially the same as those of quarks pair-created from the vacuum in e+e− annihilation. The measured area, peak position and width of the fragmentation function show that the kinematic evolution variable, equivalent to the e+e− squared centre of mass energy, is in the Breit frame the invariant square of the four-momentum transfer. We comment on the extent to which we have evidence for coherence effects in pArton showers.
Einleitung:
URMEL-ICE, eine schulbasierte prospektive, cluster-randomisierte Präventionsstudie bei Grundschülern, zielt auf eine Reduktion von körperlicher Inaktivität, Medienkonsum und ...zuckerhaltigen Getränken.
Methoden:
Aktuell wurden die Basis-Erhebungsdaten ausgewertet und mit Ergebnissen gleichaltriger Kinder von 1976 (Ulmer Schulkinderprojekt) verglichen.
Ergebnisse:
N = 1051 Zweitklässler wurden rekrutiert (54% Jungen m, 30% mit Migrationshintergrund MH, Alter: 7,5 ± 0,4 Jahre). Nach aktuellen Referenzwerten (BMIAGA) liegt ein Übergewicht bei 12,2% und eine Adipositas bei 4,5% vor. Bei Kindern mit MH liegt bei 16,8% ein Übergewicht und bei 7,0% eine Adipositas vor. Eine bivariate Analyse zeigt folgende Einflussfaktoren für Übergewicht (OR 95%-KI): Übergewicht der Mutter (2,28 1,36–3,82), Übergewicht des Vaters (2,54 1,54–4,19), Rauchen während der Schwangerschaft (3,09 2,00–4,76), TV-Konsum > 2 Stunden/Tag (3,97 1,49–10,62). Beim Messwertevergleich haben heute 31,4% (26,8% ohne MH) der Kinder ein erhöhtes Körpergewicht (> 90. Gewichtsperzentil 1976). Der Fettmassenzuwachs wird durch die Perzentilenverschiebung (P) der Hautfaltendicken deutlich (1976 vs. 2006, in mm): Trizeps: P 50 (m: 8,2 vs. 12,0; Mädchen w: 9,7 vs. 13,7), P 90 (m: 11,4 vs. 22,3; w: 13,6 vs. 25,0), Subscapular: P 50 (m: 5,1 vs. 6,3; w: 5,8 vs. 7,0), P 90 (m: 7,1 vs. 13,0; w: 8,7 vs. 15,3).
Schlussfolgerung:
Dies sind nach unserer Kenntnis die einzigen Daten aus den alten Bundesländern, die eine Körperfettmassenzunahme bei Schulkindern in den letzten 30 Jahren (1976–2006) zeigen. Der Zuwachs an Fettmasse wird durch den Anstieg des Medians der Hautfaltendicke deutlich, wobei sich das 90. Perzentil der Hautfaltendicken sogar verdoppelt hat. Wirksame Präventionsmaßnahmen sind erforderlich.
Sixteen patients with metastatic nonseminomatous testicular cancer refractory to cisplatinum combination chemotherapy, were treated with epirubicin 100-120 mg/m2 q d 22. One partial remission lasting ...6 months was achieved. Two additional patients had stabilisation of disease for 3 and 4 months. Median time to progression was 43 days. Myelosuppression was dose-limiting, with a WBC nadir of 1900/microliters. 4/30 cycles (13%) were associated with granulocytopenic fever. One patient developed a decline in cardiac ejection fraction without clinical signs of congestive heart failure. Epirubicin in this dosage and schedule has no major therapeutic activity in heavily pretreated non-seminomatous testicular cancer.
Study was conducted on hemoglobinopathies the world/'s most common class of single gene disorders. We selected four point mutations of the human beta-hemoglobin gene, giving rise to frequently ...occurring unstable beta-hemoglobin variants or beta-thalassemias. Our chip system is based on allele-speciflc oligonucleotide hybridization to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and mutations. The probes attached to the chip surface consist of oligonucleotides containing the point mutations and the three corresponding control sequences. The labeled target cDNAs used for hybridization are derived from genomic or subcloned genomic DNA via asymmetric PCR, which is specially adapted for the synthesis of labeled single stranded target DNA. In addition to the useage of a chip reader, evaluation of the hybridized chip is adapted for using enhanced chemiluminescence. With this chip all four hemoglobin point mutations are easily detected and furthermore, homozygous alleles are distinguished from heterozygous alleles. Our SNP chip system is ready for rapid detection of all point mutations and SNPs occurring in the hemoglobin and other genes.
Thermodynamic, structural and dynamical properties of a new type of discotic compounds, a hydrocarbon without any heteroatoms, displaying a nematic discotic phase have been investigated by means of ...X-ray diffraction, electro-optical relaxation, and calorimetric studies. Of particular interest are the strength of the first order nematic-isotropic phase transition and the nature of the orientational fluctuations in the isotropic phase. The short range positional order was found to be biaxial in both the isotropic and the nematic phase. The isotropic phase displays strong pretransitional effects originating from orientational fluctuations in the neighbourhood of the transition to the nematic phase. The character of these pretransitional effects differs from that found for calamitic systems in that the number of correlated molecules g
2
is extremely large, of the order of 600 at the clearing temperature and the electro-optical relaxation time is very large, caused by the large value of g
2
.
Power Samples of Three Alkylthio Substituted Triphenylenes have been Investigated by X-ray diffraction. All have a hexagonal columnar D
hd
phase. In one compound, a phase transition D
ho
D
hd
is ...found, in which the hexagonal lattice of columns remains unaffected by the order-disorder transition within the columns.
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