A Co-catalyzed coupling of 3-(2-isocyanoethyl)indoles with organic azides in pure water for accessing spiroindolenine derivatives was developed. This strategy features mild reaction conditions, high ...atom-economy, excellent yields, wide substrate scopes, and broad functional group tolerance. The products were obtained simply by sequential operation involving extraction, concentration, precipitation, and filtration, without tedious column chromatography. More importantly, the aqueous catalytic system could be recycled at least ten times without reducing the catalytic activity. The strategy provides a green and efficient method for the construction of spiroindolenine derivatives.
A sustainable synthesis of spiroindolenines from tryptamine-derived isocyanides and organic azides in pure water was described.
Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria play an important role in the nitrogen cycle by coupling ammonium and nitrite to produce dinitrogen gas (N2). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a ...fast, simple, and sensitive method that is widely used to assess the diversity, abundance, and activity of the slow-growing bacteria. In this review, we summarize and evaluate the wide variety of PCR primers targeting the 16S rRNA gene and functional genes (hzo, nir, and hzs) of anammox bacteria for their effectiveness and efficiencies in detecting this group of bacteria in different sample types. Furthermore, the efficiencies of different universal high-throughput sequencing 16S rRNA gene primers in anammox bacteria investigations were also evaluated to provide a reference for primer selection. Based on our in silico evaluation results, none of the 16S rRNA gene primers could recover all of the known anammox bacteria, but multiple hzo and hzs gene primers could accomplish this task. However, uncertain copies (1–3 copies) of hzo genes were identified in the genomes, and the hydrazine oxidation reaction catalyzed by hydrazine oxidoreductases (HZOs) can also be catalyzed by other hydroxylamine oxidoreductases (HAOs) in anammox bacteria, which can potentially result in large deviations in hzo-based qPCR and RT-qPCR analyses and results. Therefore, the use of optimal primers targeting unique hzs genes are recommended, although the efficiencies of these newly designed primers need further verification in practical applications. This article provides comprehensive information for the effective and specific detection of anammox bacteria using specific primers targeting the 16S rRNA gene and functional genes and serves as a basis for future high-quality primer design.
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•Functional gene and 16S rRNA gene primers of anammox bacteria are summarized.•Efficiency and specificity of these primers in applications are reviewed.•Reliability of 16S rRNA gene primers in anammox detection is re-evaluated.•New 16S rRNA gene primer pairs are recommended for validation.
A mild and efficient photochemical multi-component tandem reaction of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones, alkenes and sulfinic acids is reported. This tandem reaction could be conveniently carried out at room ...temperature by employing 4CzIPN as the metal-free photocatalyst and dioxygen (air) as the environmentally benign oxidant. A number of sulfonated quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones were obtained in satisfactory yields with favorable functional group tolerance. Radical trapping experiment and fluorescence quenching experiments were performed to elucidate this visible-light mediated radical reaction process.
A mild and efficient photochemical multi-component reaction of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones, alkenes and sulfinic acids was established for the synthesis of sulfonated quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones. This multi-component could be carried out at room temperature by employing 4CzIPN as the photocatalyst and dioxygen (air) as the environmentally benign oxidant. A number of sulfonated quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones were conveniently obtained in satisfactory yields. Display omitted
Adult neurogenesis plays a vital role in maintaining cognitive functions in mammals and human beings. Mobilization of hippocampal neurogenesis has been regarded as a promising therapeutic approach to ...restore injured neurons in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Icarisid II (ICS II), an active ingredient derived from Epimedii Folium, has been reported to exhibit multiple neuroprotective effects. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ICS II on the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and amyloid precusor protein (APP)‐overexpressing NSCs (APP‐NSCs) in vitro. Our results demonstrated that ICS II dose‐dependently suppressed apoptosis and elevated viability of APP‐NSCs. ICS II (1 μM) potently promoted proliferation and neuronal differentiation of NSCs and APP‐NSCs. ICS II (1 μM) significantly upregulated Wnt‐3a expression, increased the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β and enhanced the nuclear transfer of β‐catenin. Moreover, ICS II also promoted astrocytes to secrete Wnt‐3a, which positively modulates Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. These findings demonstrate that ICS II promotes NSCs proliferation and neuronal differentiation partly by activating the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway.
Separation of monovalent salt and antibiotics is of vital importance in membrane field. In this work, zwitterionic polyamide membrane was prepared by incorporating N, N-diethylethylenediamine (DEEDA) ...into interfacial polymerization firstly. Then, zwitterions were introduced into membrane matrix via grafting reaction with 1, 3-propanesultone (1, 3-PS). The resulting zwitterionic membrane exhibited optimal permeability of 14.6 L m−2 h−1.bar−1 and high rejection of organics. Meanwhile, owing to the incorporation of zwitterions, the zwitterionic membrane showed lower rejection of monovalent salt compared with that of the pristine polyamide membrane. Thus, the zwitterionic membrane behaved efficient separation ability of monovalent salt/antibiotics when NaCl/erythromycin mixture solution was chosen as the experimental solution. When bovine serum albumin was used as a foulant, the zwitterionic membrane also exhibited anti-fouling property. This work provided a facile way to prepare zwitterionic membrane with efficient separation ability of monovalent salt/antibiotics, which promoted the development of zwitterions in applications of nanofiltration membrane field.
•DEEDA and 1, 3-PS were utilized to prepare zwitterionic membrane.•Zwitterionic membrane exhibited high permeability and anti-fouling property.•Zwitterionic membrane could realize fast separation of ERY/NaCl.
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a chronic disease. Currently, there are no sufficiently validated biomarkers for early diagnosis of TB infection. In this study, a ...panel of potential serum biomarkers was identified between patients with pulmonary TB and healthy controls by using iTRAQ‐coupled 2D LC‐MS/MS technique. Among 100 differentially expressed proteins screened, 45 proteins were upregulated (>1.25‐fold at p < 0.05) and 55 proteins were downregulated (<0.8‐fold at p < 0.05) in the TB serum. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the differentially expressed proteins were related to the response to stimulus, the metabolic and immune system processes. The significantly differential expression of apolipoprotein CII (APOCII), CD5 antigen‐like (CD5L), hyaluronan‐binding protein 2 (HABP2), and retinol‐binding protein 4 (RBP4) was further confirmed using immunoblotting and ELISA analysis. By forward stepwise multivariate regression analysis, a panel of serum biomarkers including APOCII, CD5L, and RBP4 was obtained to form the disease diagnostic model. The receiver operation characteristic curve of the diagnostic model was 0.98 (sensitivity = 93.42%, specificity = 92.86%). In conclusion, APOCII, CD5L, HABP2, and RBP4 may be potential protein biomarkers of pulmonary TB. Our research provides useful data for early diagnosis of TB.
In this article, pure phase metastable wurtzite Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanocrystals (NCs) were synthesized by a facile one-pot method. When pure 1-dodecanethiol (DDT) was used as the solvent, two ...coexisting CZTS phases (wurtzite and kesterite) were found. When an increased amount of oleylamine (OAm) was added to DDT, kesterite CZTS disappeared gradually, and the as-obtained CZTS NCs became smaller and more uniform. When 0.5 mL of OAm was added, rice-like pure phase metastable wurtzite CZTS NCs were obtained. The factors, including amount of OAm, reaction temperature, reaction time, and concentration of precursors, which influence the morphology, size, and monodispersity of CZTS NCs, were studied in detail. The results showed OAm played an important role in the formation of the final pure phase metastable wurtzite NCs. Time-dependent experiments were performed to observe the growth of CZTS NCs. The final CZTS NCs evolved from spherical-like Cu2S NCs through rhombus-like intermediate shaped NCs to rice-like pure wurtzite CZTS NCs. On the basis of the detailed time-dependent shape and elemental composition evolutions, a possible asynchronous doping growth and formation mechanism was proposed. The optical and electrical properties of the pure wurtzite CZTS NCs were also investigated. The band gap of the rice-like CZTS is about 1.49 eV, which approaches the optimum value for solar photoelectric conversion. Meanwhile, the current–voltage characteristics and Hall effect measurement of the wurtzite CZTS NCs films indicated that rice-like CZTS NCs favored the electronic transmission and thus may induce the generation of photocurrent. Thus, the obtained wurtzite CZTS NCs are more suitable for using as absorber layer in low cost solar cells.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play essential roles in rice immunity against
Magnaporthe oryzae
, the causative agent of rice blast disease. Here we demonstrate that Osa-miR162a fine-tunes rice immunity against
...M. oryzae
and yield traits. Overexpression of Osa-miR162a enhances rice resistance to
M. oryzae
accompanying enhanced induction of defense-related genes and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
). In contrast, blocking Osa-miR162 by overexpressing a target mimic of Osa-miR162a enhances susceptibility to blast fungus associating with compromised induction of defense-related gene expression and H
2
O
2
accumulation. Moreover, the transgenic lines overexpressing Osa-miR162a display decreased seed setting rate resulting in slight reduced yield per plant, whereas the transgenic lines blocking Osa-miR162 show an increased number of grains per panicle, resulting in increased yield per plant. Altered accumulation of Osa-miR162 had a limited impact on the expression of rice
Dicer-like 1
(
OsDCL1
) in these transgenic lines showing normal gross morphology, and silencing of
OsDCL1
led to enhanced resistance to blast fungus similar to that caused by overexpression of Osa-miR162a, suggesting the involvement of
OsDCL1
in Osa-miR162a-regulated resistance. Together, our results indicate that Osa-miR162a is involved in rice immunity against
M. oryzae
and fine-tunes resistance and yield.
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an irreversible, inherited retinopathy in which early-onset nyctalopia is observed. Despite the genetic heterogeneity of RP, RPGR mutations are the most common causes of ...this disease. Here, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from three RP patients with different frameshift mutations in the RPGR gene, which were then differentiated into retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and well-structured retinal organoids possessing electrophysiological properties. We observed significant defects in photoreceptor in terms of morphology, localization, transcriptional profiling, and electrophysiological activity. Furthermore, shorted cilium was found in patient iPSCs, RPE cells, and three-dimensional retinal organoids. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated correction of RPGR mutation rescued photoreceptor structure and electrophysiological property, reversed the observed ciliopathy, and restored gene expression to a level in accordance with that in the control using transcriptome-based analysis. This study recapitulated the pathogenesis of RPGR using patient-specific organoids and achieved targeted gene therapy of RPGR mutations in a dish as proof-of-concept evidence.
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•HiPSC-derived 3D retinae with outer segments and electrophysiological properties•RPGR mutation results in diseased photoreceptor in patient iPSC-derived 3D retinae•Mutation correction rescues defects in photoreceptor morphology and electrophysiology•Ciliogenesis defects appear in RPGR patient-specific iPSCs, iPSC-RPE, and 3D retinae
Jin and colleagues demonstrate that patient-specific iPSC-derived 3D retinae can recapitulate disease progress of retinitis pigmentosa through presenting defects in photoreceptor morphology, gene profile, and electrophysiology, as well as the defective ciliogenesis in iPSCs, iPSC-RPE, and 3D retinae. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene correction can rescue not only photoreceptor structure and electrophysiological property but also observed ciliopathy.
Lipid metabolism imbalance has been recognized as one of the major drivers of impaired glucose metabolism in the context of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the rates of which are steadily increasing ...worldwide. Impaired glucose regulation (IGR) plays a vital role in the prevention and treatment of T2DM. The goal of this study was to further clarify whether the combination of plant sterols (PS) and omega-3 fatty acids yields any synergistic effect that enhances the prevention and treatment of IGR.
A total of 200 participants were randomized to receive PS and omega-3 fatty acids (n = 50), PS alone (n = 50), omega-3 fatty acids alone (n = 50), or placebo soy bean powder plus placebo capsules (n = 50) for 12 weeks. Patient characteristics including body composition, blood pressure, glucose metabolism (Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting insulin (FINS), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)), lipid metabolism (TG, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C) and inflammatory factors (Hs-CRP, IL-6) were all monitored in these IGR individuals.
Compared to the placebo group, the group receiving the combined intervention exhibited significantly decreased TG, HDL-C, FBG, HOMA-IR and HbA1c. Omega-3 fatty acids alone were associated with significant reductions in waistline, TG, FBG, HOMA-IR and Hs-CRP. PS alone was only associated with decreased TG and Hs-CRP. No interventions produced significant changes in body weight, BMI, blood pressure, FINS, body fat percentage, visceral fat rating, TC, LDL-C or IL-6.
In summary, this study has demonstrated for the first time that PS, omega-3 fatty acids or the combination thereof significantly improved inflammation, insulin resistance, as well as glucose and lipid metabolism in IGR individuals. These findings may provide a scientific basis for the development of nutritional products incorporating PS and omega-3 fatty acids, and also for the development of nutritional supplement strategies aimed at preventing the development of disease in the IGR population.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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