The integration of artificial intelligence-powered automotive electronics has revolutionized teleoperated vehicles through the adoption of Augmented Reality of Things (ARoT). This transformation is ...facilitated by Augmented Reality-based Heads-Up Displays (AR-HUDs) connected to vehicle sensors, which improve driver visibility with immersive overlays, taking in-vehicle human-computer interaction to new heights. These developments include Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS) that aid drivers whether they are physically present in the vehicle or remotely controlling it. However, integrating ARoT and ADAS raises security and privacy concerns, especially regarding false data injection attacks. This paper analyzes security vulnerabilities in AR-HUDs, focusing on forged frames in shared AR-HUD video between teleoperated vehicles and their Digital Twins (DT). Critical vulnerabilities are identified through DT, necessitating effective mitigation for Metaverse access. In addition, the proposed solution is a decentralized data security framework based on multiple blockchains, overcoming latency and scalability issues with a Multichain scaffold. Furthermore, the ARoT heavily relies on a deep neural network for computer vision-based obstacle detection, with the results displayed on the AR-HUD. This helps secure the entire ARoT ecosystem, ensuring the integrity and safety of teleoperated vehicles.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) comprise a whole infrastructure of conventional vehicles, Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs), roadside units, and communication equipment. As a result, a ...variety of smart sensors, cloud, and edge services are used. Due to the Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication involved in these, the infrastructure becomes prone to security attacks. The most common of these is False Data Injection Attack (FDIA), which causes serious consequences upon driving decisions of a CAV. Blockchain is an ascending technology to provide proficient data security solutions; however, its implementation in securing CAV data is restricted due to its parallel reliance on cloud services. Furthermore, a standalone blockchain is prone to transaction verification delay and reduced transaction throughput, which is intolerable in the fast-paced CAV communication. This paper presents a novel framework enabling multichain, an open-source blockchain platform. Components of the proposed framework include multiple blockchains running on CAVs. The hashing algorithm operates on their Basic Safety Messages (BSMs), inputted to it as blockchain transactions. Our findings reveal that this multichain framework eliminates reliance on cloud services by devising a fully decentralized security solution against stealthy FDIAs that jeopardize a CAV's lane-changing. It provides an economy-building point for the CAV-metaverse by incentivizing the participating CAVs. Further, it manages transactions by employing multiple parallel blockchains for enhanced throughput. CAVs perform these security checks in as low as a few milliseconds compared to the existing centralized and computationally intensive frameworks.
This paper rationalizes nine proactive protocols in terms of their efficiencies, inefficiencies and convergence properties. This is done in order to pinpoint challenges associated with these ...protocols, so that novel algorithms may be proposed for coping with the discovered issues. The methodology followed to put forward the said solutions is that of Bayesian inference. Bayesian inference is a statistical technique having wide applications in the decision theory. The paper highlights salient features of Bayesian inference and, in the meantime, scrutinizes its applicability as a problem solving mechanism in the decision making of proactive routing protocols.
This paper deals with the modelling, simulation and linearization of a non-linear dynamic magnetic levitation system. In this work, a non-linear Simulink model for MLS is presented at the initial ...stage using MATLAB/Simulink as a tool. The system considered is a ferromagnetic ball suspended in a voltage-controlled magnetic field - known as the Magnetic Levitation System. These systems tend to be highly unstable and require a controller to achieve linearized behavior and high precision positioning of the ferromagnetic ball. This paper presents the mathematical modeling as well as simulation results of a dynamic non-linear magnetic levitation system upon which, state-space modeling is implemented to achieve linearized and precise position results.
This paper presents a comparative review of the various localization schemes in use in different generations of Cellular Networks. Localization, in cellular networks is the process used to find the ...accurate geo-position of a user, not by means of techniques like the Global Positioning System, but by the cellular network infrastructure itself. It is this procedure, which is responsible for providing users their requisite services as per the area they are in. Even if they are outside the country, the cellular network is well aware of it and keeps providing its services on roaming basis. These features have become more prominent and the demand for advanced improved methodologies has increased manifold with the advent of new generation cellular networks. This is the very problem statement targeted in this work, which focuses on the scrutiny of four of the Localization schemes - Centralized Database Approach (CDBA) and Distributed Database Approach (DDBA) as employed in the conventional/ homogenous GSM based cellular network; and Triangulation Algorithm and Centroid Localization Algorithm as proposed for the heterogeneous 5G network. After in-depth study of all these algorithms, their flows have been discussed in the work, both theoretically and diagrammatically, to aid researchers working in this subject matter by providing them a meticulous review of the algorithms. Furthermore, the aforementioned algorithms have been analyzed in terms of various parameters by means of simulations. The inferred findings of this comparative analysis show better performance of DDBA algorithm for conventional cellular networks, while Triangulation algorithm proves promising with less Root Mean Square Error in case of the heterogeneous mobile nodes based 5G network.
This paper presents a novel algorithm for relay selection in cooperative cellular networks. Unlike conventional relay selection schemes, this technique restricts the usage of relay nodes for multiple ...reasons, most significant of which is the wastage of power on the nodes when channel conditions between the two nodes are fair enough and cooperation isn't needed. The said scheme makes the source node intelligent enough to be able to decide whether extra relays are needed in the channel ahead, or if needed then up to what extent it should allow the use of more relays, as to make the communication reliable and at the same time, not waste any resources. Crux of the said decision-making scheme is that ideally, only one relay is utilized during the communication; however, if channel conditions ahead of this relay are not fair enough, the services of other relays are acquired by the relay selection scheme to cooperate and maintain the required Quality of Service (QoS). Analysis of the scheme in various paradigms shows that if the decision-making authority lies with the source node, it gives us a 68% resource efficient relay selection scheme enabling optimal Symbol Error Rate to be achieved within acceptable range of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR).
In this paper, we propose a new multi-node relay network, that works on the Amplify-and-Forward protocol, to select the most optimal path towards the destination; thus adaptively setting the number ...of relays to be involved in the cooperation. Nakagami-2 fading channel is considered in the modeling and Instantaneous channel state information (CSI) from the destination is used as the selection criteria at the relays. Locations of the relays and distances between them are taken into account for an improved signal to noise ratio (SNR) with reduction in the bit error rate (BER). Moreover, spatial diversity is applied on the destination using maximal ratio combining (MRC). An analysis of the different spatial diversity techniques is done to find the best suited technique and simulation results for a much less BER over a 10 6 number of symbols in the input is presented.
ABSTRACT
Objectives: The present study evaluated the protective effect of Crocus Sativus against Amikacin-induced Nephrotoxicity.
Methods: The prospective descriptive study was conducted at the ...department of orthopedic surgery, Dr. Ruth KM Pfau Adult laboratory albino rats of the Wistar strain were used in this experimental study. In this study, 75 albino rats were subdivided into 3 groups, including experimental groups B and C. The control group (A) received normal saline intraperitoneally, group (B) received Amikacin 30mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally and Group (C) received Crocus sativus 50 mg/kg body weight orally and vitamin E orally in a dose of 50mg/kg of body weight. Kidneys of rats obtained after dissection were processed, sectioned, and stained in PAS Hematoxylin and Gomoris Methenamine Silver stains. The present study was conducted at Dow University of Health Sciences in the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Animal House of Dow University and Dow Diagnostic Research and Reference Laboratory. The duration of the study was Three months. Inclusion criteria were Albino rats of both sexes, kidneys of either side (right & left), rats with an approximate weight of 140 to 180 grams were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were overweight rats and pregnant rats.
Results: A significant increase in kidney weight was observed in group B. A considerable addition was observed in proximal tubular in groups B and C. A considerable increase was also observed in the number of intact proximal tubule nuclei and the nuclear diameter of groups B & C.
Conclusion: The study provides evidence that Crocus Sativus has protective effects in Amikacin-induced nephrotoxicity, comparable to widely used Antioxidant Vitamin E. The study recommends the addition of Crocus Sativus in dietary supplements after further evaluation in human subjects.
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