The Indignant Generation is the first narrative history of the neglected but essential period of African American literature between the Harlem Renaissance and the civil rights era. The years between ...these two indispensable epochs saw the communal rise of Richard Wright, Gwendolyn Brooks, Ralph Ellison, Lorraine Hansberry, James Baldwin, and many other influential black writers. While these individuals have been duly celebrated, little attention has been paid to the political and artistic milieu in which they produced their greatest works. With this commanding study, Lawrence Jackson recalls the lost history of a crucial era. Looking at the tumultuous decades surrounding World War II, Jackson restores the "indignant" quality to a generation of African American writers shaped by Jim Crow segregation, the Great Depression, the growth of American communism, and an international wave of decolonization. He also reveals how artistic collectives in New York, Chicago, and Washington fostered a sense of destiny and belonging among diverse and disenchanted peoples. As Jackson shows through contemporary documents, the years that brought us Their Eyes Were Watching God, Native Son, and Invisible Man also saw the rise of African American literary criticism--by both black and white critics. Fully exploring the cadre of key African American writers who triumphed in spite of segregation, The Indignant Generation paints a vivid portrait of American intellectual and artistic life in the mid-twentieth century.
How did the American western feature film genre rebrand itself in the late seventies and respond to the fury of global and domestic political affairs?In Hold It Real Still, Lawrence Jackson examines ...Clint Eastwood's influence on the western film while also exploring how that genre continues to operate into the twenty-first century as an ideological channel for ideas about race and imperialism. Jackson argues that the western genre pivoted from an initial doctrine of racial liberalism, albeit a clumsy one, during the John Wayne years to a motile agenda of substitution, exclusion, and false equivalency during the Clint Eastwood period. The book traces how Eastwood, an actor first associated with the avant-garde, anti-colonialist discourse of spaghetti western cinema, reversed himself in the second half of the 1970s with The Outlaw Josey Wales—a film that had at its heart the fantasy of Black erasure from American life. Jackson situates Eastwood's work as a response to massive social and political upheavals in America: defeat in Vietnam, riots in northern cities, the civil rights movement and associated legislation, and the Great Migration, which made possible a degree of mixed-race public interaction that was impossible even as late as the 1960s. Hinged by a close reading of four blockbuster films which continue to shape discourses in cinematic arts, American liberalism, the westerns, and race relations today—The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, Josey Wales, Ride with the Devil, and Django Unchained—Jackson's unique critique flashes on the contradictory symbolic structures at work in these masterpieces. Juxtaposing the films' motifs, tropes, and hidden Black figures with historicist readings lays bare the containment strategies of the 1970s and beyond used to stymie civil rights progress and racial equity in the United States. Tackling the rise of neoracism and the domestic apparatus of surveillance, control, and erasure, Hold It Real Still offers an astonishing revision of what audiences and critics thought they understood about a uniquely American genre of film.
The number of neutrons emitted from a nuclear reaction plays a crucial role in various fields, including nuclear theory, nuclear nonproliferation, nuclear energy and nuclear criticality safety. ...Accurate determination of neutron multiplicities requires the application of several corrections, with dead-time correction and background subtraction being particularly significant. These corrections become more challenging for neutron detectors with time-dependent neutron capture. In this work, we perform a comprehensive study of three existing methods used for dead-time correction and background subtraction in neutron detectors with time-dependent neutron capture. The methods were tested for dead-times in the range from 0 to 1 μs using a Monte Carlo model simulating the dead-time and background effects in the standard neutron multiplicity probability distribution of
Cf. The previous methods showed larger than desired uncertainty or systematic trade off. Those uncertainties prompted the development of a novel approach using neural networks trained with data from Monte Carlo simulations. The Neural Network method enabled the correction of neutron multiplicity probabilities more accurately than the other methods with fractional errors smaller than 3% for multiplicities around the peak of
Cf. A similar approach using neural networks could be applied to problems where the system being studied can be accurately simulated without having an accurate analytical description available. The neural network method presented in this paper can be easily expanded if multiplicities greater than 10 are expected.
Due to associated hydrological risks, there is an urgent need to provide plausible quantified changes in future extreme rainfall rates. Convection-permitting (CP) climate simulations represent a ...major advance in capturing extreme rainfall and its sensitivities to atmospheric changes under global warming. However, they are computationally costly, limiting uncertainty evaluation in ensembles and covered time periods. This is in contrast to the Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) 5 and 6 ensembles, which cannot capture relevant convective processes, but provide a range of plausible projections for atmospheric drivers of rainfall change. Here, we quantify the sensitivity of extreme rainfall within West African storms to changes in atmospheric rainfall drivers, using both observations and a CP projection representing a decade under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 around 2100. We illustrate how these physical relationships can then be used to reconstruct better-informed extreme rainfall changes from CMIP, including for time periods not covered by the CP model. We find reconstructed hourly extreme rainfall over the Sahel increases across all CMIP models, with a plausible range of 37%–75% for 2070–2100 (mean 55%, and 18%–30% for 2030–2060). This is considerably higher than the +0–60% (mean +30%) we obtain from a traditional extreme rainfall metric based on raw daily CMIP rainfall, suggesting such analyses can underestimate extreme rainfall intensification. We conclude that process-based rainfall scaling is a useful approach for creating time-evolving rainfall projections in line with CP model behaviour, reconstructing important information for medium-term decision making. This approach also better enables the communication of uncertainties in extreme rainfall projections that reflect our current state of knowledge on its response to global warming, away from the limitations of coarse-scale climate models alone.
Variability of rainfall in East Africa has major impacts on lives and livelihoods. From floods to droughts, this variability is important on short daily time‐scales to longer decadal time‐scales, as ...is apparent from the devastating effects of droughts in East Africa over recent decades. Past studies have highlighted the Congo airmass in enhancing East African rainfall. Our detailed analysis of the feature shows that days with a westerly moisture flow, bringing the Congo airmass, enhance rainfall by up to 100% above the daily mean, depending on the time of year. Conversely, there is a suppression of rainfall on days with a strong easterly flow. Days with a westerly moisture flux are in a minority in all seasons but we show that long rains with more westerly days are wetter, and that during the most‐recent decade which has had more frequent droughts (associated with the “Eastern African climate paradox”), there has been few days with such westerlies. We also investigate the influence of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) and tropical cyclones, and their interaction with the westerly flow. We show that days of westerly moisture flux are more likely during phases 3 and 4 of the MJO and when there are one or more tropical cyclones present. In addition, tropical cyclones are more likely to form during these phases of the MJO, and more likely to be coincident with westerlies when forming to the east of Madagascar. Overall, our analysis brings together many different processes that have been discussed in the literature but not yet considered in complete combination. The results demonstrate the importance of the Congo airmass on daily to climate time‐scales, and in doing so offers useful angles of investigation for future studies into prediction of East African rainfall.
Westerly moisture flux from the Congo across East Africa enhances rainfall. This can occur during favourable phases of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation, and is enhanced by the presence of tropical cyclones in the Indian Ocean. The variability in the formation of these westerlies is an important factor for East African long rains variability. The figure shows mean difference of atmospheric state on days with westerly moisture flux compared to days with an easterly flux for (a) column‐integrated westerly moisture flux, (b) precipitation, (c) mean sea level pressure and (d) relative vorticity. Relative vorticity is positive for cyclonic activity in the Northern Hemisphere, and negative for cyclonic activity in the Southern Hemisphere
Prioritizing a drug therapy problem (DTP) during an experiential placement is challenging for some pharmacy students, suggesting a gap in pre-placement preparedness and the need to modify existing ...resources. A modified DTP prioritizing framework is proposed to enhance clinical reasoning and increase students' confidence in performing this important step in the pharmaceutical care process.
Students' baseline DTP prioritizing capability was assessed in an informal focus group consisting of pharmacy students and experienced hospital pharmacy preceptors. Participants ranked the urgency for addressing 47 common medical conditions and selected a time frame to resolve the DTP. Participants also provided feedback on a proposed DTP prioritizing framework. A modified, student-focused DTP prioritizing framework, incorporating elements of curricular knowledge, principal elements of urgency, and time frame for taking action to resolve the identified DTP is described.
Students' DTP urgency rankings were heterogeneous and showed greater deviation from the anticipated ranking (R = 0.61) compared to the pharmacist cohort (R = 0.807), reinforcing our view of the need for a modified DTP prioritizing framework for students. In qualitative terms, students felt the framework's focus on curricular knowledge would contribute to the development of expertise. Preceptors felt the framework reflected their usual practice and would help guide discussions with students.
The modified DTP prioritizing framework, described in this article, may be utilized both to enhance student success and preceptor development in the experiential setting.
•Harm, speed of harm and the patient's perspective are the primary determinants of the urgency of a drug therapy problem.•An explicit, curriculum-based decision-making process will help students determine the urgency of a drug therapy problem.•The concept of importance (i.e., what matters to the patient) is a key element of the patient's perspective of urgency.•The pharmaceutical care− urgency (PC − U) framework aims to strengthen students' performance during experiential placements.
Projected changes in the intensity of severe rain events over the North African Sahel—falling from large mesoscale convective systems—cannot be directly assessed from global climate models due to ...their inadequate resolution and parameterization of convection. Instead, the large-scale atmospheric drivers of these storms must be analyzed. Here we study changes in meridional lower-tropospheric temperature gradient across the Sahel (ΔT
Grad), which affect storm development via zonal vertical wind shear and Saharan air layer characteristics. Projected changes in ΔT
Grad vary substantially among models, adversely affecting planning decisions that need to be resilient to adverse risks, such as increased flooding. This study seeks to understand the causes of these projection uncertainties and finds three key drivers. The first is intermodel variability in remote warming, which has strongest impact on the eastern Sahel, decaying toward the west. Second, and most important, a warming–advection–circulation feedback in a narrow band along the southern Sahara varies in strength between models. Third, variations in southern Saharan evaporative anomalies weakly affect ΔT
Grad, although for an outlier model these are sufficiently substantive to reduce warming here to below that of the global mean. Together these uncertain mechanisms lead to uncertain southern Saharan/northern Sahelian warming, causing the bulk of large intermodel variations in ΔT
Grad. In the southern Sahel, a local negative feedback limits the contribution to uncertainties in ΔT
Grad. This new knowledge of ΔT
Grad projection uncertainties provides understanding that can be used, in combination with further research, to constrain projections of severe Sahelian storm activity.
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Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Eastern Africa’s fast-growing population is vulnerable to changing rainfall and extremes. Using the first pan-African climate change simulations that explicitly model the rainfall-generating ...convection, we investigate both the climate change response of key mesoscale drivers of eastern African rainfall, such as sea and lake breezes, and the spatial heterogeneity of rainfall responses. The explicit model shows widespread increases at the end of the century in mean (∼40%) and extreme (∼50%) rain rates, whereas the sign of changes in rainfall frequency has large spatial heterogeneity (from −50% to over +90%). In comparison, an equivalent parameterized simulation has greater moisture convergence and total rainfall increase over the eastern Congo and less over eastern Africa. The parameterized model also does not capture 1) the large heterogeneity of changes in rain frequency; 2) the widespread and large increases in extreme rainfall, which result from increased rainfall per humidity change; and 3) the response of rainfall to the changing sea breeze, even though the sea-breeze change is captured. Consequently, previous rainfall projections are likely inadequate for informing many climate-sensitive decisions—for example, for infrastructure in coastal cities. We consider the physics revealed here and its implications to be relevant for many other vulnerable tropical regions, especially those with coastal convection.
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Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The precipitation and diabatic heating resulting from moist convection make it a key component of the atmospheric water budget in the tropics. With convective parameterization being a known source of ...uncertainty in global models, convection-permitting (CP) models are increasingly being used to improve understanding of regional climate. Here, a new 10-yr CP simulation is used to study the characteristics of rainfall and atmospheric water budget for East Africa and the Lake Victoria basin. The explicit representation of convection leads to a widespread improvement in the intensities and diurnal cycle of rainfall when compared with a parameterized simulation. Differences in large-scale moisture fluxes lead to a shift in the mean rainfall pattern from the Congo to Lake Victoria basin in the CP simulation—highlighting the important connection between local changes in the representation of convection and larger-scale dynamics and rainfall. Stronger lake–land contrasts in buoyancy in the CP model lead to a stronger nocturnal land breeze over Lake Victoria, increasing evaporation and moisture flux convergence (MFC), and likely unrealistically high rainfall. However, for the mountains east of the lake, the CP model produces a diurnal rainfall cycle much more similar to satellite estimates, which is related to differences in the timing of MFC. Results here demonstrate that, while care is needed regarding lake forcings, a CP approach offers a more realistic representation of several rainfall characteristics through a more physically based realization of the atmospheric dynamics around the complex topography of East Africa.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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