Breast cancer ranks among the most prevalent forms of malignancy and foremost cause of death by cancer worldwide. It is not preventable. Early and precise detection is the only remedy for lowering ...the rate of mortality and improving the probability of survival for victims. In contrast to present procedures, thermography aids in the early diagnosis of cancer and thereby saves lives. But the accuracy experiences detrimental impact by low sensitivity for small and deep tumours and the subjectivity by physicians in interpreting the images. Employing deep learning approaches for cancer detection can enhance the efficacy. This study explored the utilization of thermography in early identification of breast cancer with the use of a publicly released dataset known as the DMR-IR dataset. For this purpose, we employed a novel approach that entails the utilization of a pre-trained MobileNetV2 model and fine tuning it through transfer learning techniques. We created three models using MobileNetV2: one was a baseline transfer learning model with weights trained from ImageNet dataset, the second was a fine-tuned model with an adaptive learning rate, and the third utilized early stopping with callbacks during fine-tuning. The results showed that the proposed methods achieved average accuracy rates of 85.15%, 95.19%, and 98.69%, respectively, with various performance indicators such as precision, sensitivity and specificity also being investigated. Keywords: Accuracy, Breast cancer, Deep CNN, Fine-tuning, MobileNet, Thermographic images
The purpose of the review is to evaluate wearable sensor placement, their impact and validation of wearable sensors on analyzing gait, primarily the postural instability in people with stroke. ...Databases, namely PubMed, Cochrane, SpringerLink, and IEEE Xplore were searched to identify related articles published since January 2005. The authors have selected the articles by considering patient characteristics, intervention details, and outcome measurements by following the priorly set inclusion and exclusion criteria. From a total of 1077 articles, 142 were included in this study and classified into functional fields, namely postural stability (PS) assessments, physical activity monitoring (PA), gait pattern classification (GPC), and foot drop correction (FDC). The review covers the types of wearable sensors, their placement, and their performance in terms of reliability and validity. When employing a single wearable sensor, the pelvis and foot were the most used locations for detecting gait asymmetry and kinetic parameters, respectively. Multiple Inertial Measurement Units placed at different body parts were effectively used to estimate postural stability and gait pattern. This review article has compared results of placement of sensors at different locations helping researchers and clinicians to identify the best possible placement for sensors to measure specific kinematic and kinetic parameters in persons with stroke.
Massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology stands as a cornerstone in the evolution of 5G networks. Using an abundance of degrees of freedom, MIMO systems exploit complex spatial ...characteristics to improve performance. Despite its potential, designing effective 5G MIMO communication systems faces major challenges, primarily in system modeling and channel estimation. Dynamic and complex propagation environments present significant obstacles in accurately representing system behaviour and estimating channel parameters. In order to estimate the channel in the wireless network an improved deep learning based Residual recurrent neural network (ResRNN) is implemented in this paper. Firstly, the least square estimator is used to estimate or calculate the historic channel responses of a pilot block. With these collective responses of the channel, we train the responses using the new deep learning based ResRNN, in which the weight of channel parameters are selected optimally using Improved pelican optimization algorithm (IPOA). Using the IPOA-based ResRNN hybrid precoder the present channel responses can be evaluated or estimated. By varying the length of pilot sequence and by varying the size of antennas at the transmitter and receiver, the metrics such as the bit error rate (BER), mean square error and throughput for (signal to noise ratio) SNR are evaluated. Simulation results show the developed method outperforms the conventional methods by attaining a BER of 10–5 with SNR is 30 dB wireless channel access. The performance of the proposed IPOA-DERNN method is compared with the conventional channel estimation methods.
A stroke is a neurological disease that primarily causes paralysis. Besides paraplegia, all other types of paralysis affect the upper extremity. Advanced technologies, such as wearable devices and ...rehabilitation regimens, are also being developed to enhance the functional ability of a stroke person to grasp and release daily living objects. In this research, we developed a rehabilitation functional assist device combining a flexion and extension mechanism with suction cup technology (hybrid technology) to help post-stroke patients improve their hand grip strength in day-to-day grasping activities. Ten poststroke hemiplegia patients were studied to test the functional ability of the impaired hand by wearing and not wearing the device. The outcomes were validated by three standard clinical tests, such as the Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - Hand Functional Test (TRI-HFT), the Chedoke Arm Hand Activity Inventory (CAHAI-9), and the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) with overall score improvements of 14.5 ± 3.8-25 ± 2.2 (
= 0.005), 5.4 ± 2.8-10 ± 1.6 (
= 0.008), and 9.6 ± 2.6-17 ± 2.4 (
= 0.005) respectively. The
-value for each of the three evaluations was less than 0.05, indicating significantly improved results and the average feedback score of the participants was 3.8 out of 5. The proposed device significantly increased impaired hand functionality in post-stroke patients. The subjects could complete some of the grasping tasks that they could not grasp without the device.
The Clinical Trial Registry of India approved the work CTRI/2022/02/040495 described in this manuscript.
Introduction: Lung cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy that causes significant morbidity and mortality. The incidence of lung cancer has been increasing in the past few decades. Cytology aids in ...the initial evaluation and diagnosis of patients with lung cancer. Currently, the classification of lung carcinoma has expanded beyond small cell lung carcinoma and Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC). Precise subtyping of poorly differentiated NSCLC into adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) has a direct impact on patient management and prognosis. The morphologic diagnosis forms the basis and is further supplemented by a panel of immunohistochemical markers. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is important in cases with poorly differentiated morphology or partial sampling. The IHC panel used includes Tumour Protein p63 (p63) and Thyroid Transcription Factor (TTF1) for subtyping lung cancer. Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of studying the age and gender distribution, risk factors, cytohistopathological association, and formulating an effective IHC panel for the precise yet effective subtyping of poorly differentiated lung malignancies. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included cases retrieved from the Archives of Pathology Department, SRM Medical College and Research Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, between July 2012 and July 2016. The cases included had a diagnosis of lung malignancy (confirmed by cytology/biopsy) or were suspected of having malignancy based on clinical/radiological findings. The study period was from July 2015 to August 2016. The cytology and biopsy slides were reviewed, and the malignancy was classified according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of lung malignancies (2021). IHC was performed on the cases using the markers p63 and TTF1 as a dual regimen. Diagnosis and subtyping of tumours were done based on histomorphology, and the tumours were reclassified based on IHC findings. The data were statistically analysed using SPSS software version 25 and the ROC curve. Results: The mean age of the patients was 60.9 years. The study included a total of 50 cases of lung carcinoma, with an average age of 60.9 years (ranging from 30 to 88 years). Among the cases, 35 (70%) had a positive smoking history. A concordant cytohistopathological association was observed in 26 (52%) of cases. Adenocarcinoma was the predominant subtype, accounting for 21 (42%) of cases. Tumour cells in adenocarcinoma showed positive staining for TTF-1, with the marker exhibiting 100% sensitivity and 83% specificity. In SCC, tumour cells were positive for p63, with the marker demonstrating 92% sensitivity and 82% specificity. Both markers showed effective sensitivity and specificity when used as a dual regimen. Conclusion: Although lung cancer is typically diagnosed in the elderly population, there has been an increase in cases among younger individuals due to urbanisation. Smoking remains an important risk factor for lung malignancy. Exfoliative cytology alone is not sufficient for the diagnosis of lung malignancies and should be supplemented with biopsy for more accurate results. Adenocarcinoma was found to be the most common subtype in our study. The IHC panel of p63 and TTF-1 proved to be an effective regimen for classifying poorly differentiated lung carcinomas.
Perturbation-based balance training (PBT) improves reactive stepping in older adults and people with neurological disorders. Slip-induced falls are a threat to older adults, leading to hip fractures. ...Fall-prone individuals must be trained to regain balance during a fall in the posterolateral direction. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of the reactive step induced by a laterally inclined platform. This cross-sectional study included 46 healthy participants who performed a “lean and release” backward fall using a platform with two inclined angles on each side. Kinovea software was used to analyze the step width. Reactive steps, characterized by crossover or medial foot placement, are preventive measures against posterolateral falls. The first objective was on the narrowed step width that was subjected to analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc assessment, indicating a tendency toward posterolateral falls. As part of our second objective, the inclined platform resulted in uneven loading between the legs, with a preference for the unloaded leg as the reactive leg (p<0.001), as determined by Fisher’s exact test and Cramer’s V. These characteristics align closely with those observed in modified constraint-induced movement therapy (mCIMT). The angled platform had a significant effect on selecting the reactive leg, particularly at higher angles (p<0.001). Thus, the study suggested that the device is capable of inducing posterolateral falls and exhibited mCIMT characteristics.
The transcription factor STAT3 is constitutively active in many cancers, where it mediates important biological effects, including cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and angiogenesis. The ...N-terminal domain (NTD) of STAT3 performs multiple functions, such as cooperative DNA binding, nuclear translocation, and protein-protein interactions. However, it is unclear which subsets of STAT3 target genes depend on the NTD for transcriptional regulation. To identify such genes, we compared gene expression in STAT3-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) stably expressing wild-type STAT3 or STAT3 from which NTD was deleted. NTD deletion reduced the cytokine-induced expression of specific STAT3 target genes by decreasing STAT3 binding to their regulatory regions. To better understand the potential mechanisms of this effect, we determined the crystal structure of the STAT3 NTD and identified a dimer interface responsible for cooperative DNA binding in vitro. We also observed an Ni
2+
-mediated oligomer with an as yet unknown biological function. Mutations on both dimer and Ni
2+
-mediated interfaces affected the cytokine induction of STAT3 target genes. These studies shed light on the role of the NTD in transcriptional regulation by STAT3 and provide a structural template with which to design STAT3 NTD inhibitors with potential therapeutic value.
This study proposes a mecanum-built perturbation-based balance training device aimed at improving motor adaptive skills for fall prevention in individuals with neurological disorders or the elderly. ...Incorporating multidirectional fall simulations in line with modified constraint-induced movement therapy, the device’s efficacy was evaluated by measuring the distance traveled and peak acceleration under different static loads (20, 30, and 40 kg) and input accelerations (1, 2, and 3 m/s2). A pilot study with 10 subjects was conducted to assess device performance, utilizing repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni’s post hoc analysis. Results indicated a load-dependent reduction in distance traveled, with an average mean difference of 0.74–1.23 cm between the 20 and 40 kg loads for trials of 9 and 18 cm, respectively. Despite varying loads, the device consistently achieved near-anticipated peak accelerations, suggesting its capability to induce effective perturbations. The study also observed a significant lateral movement preference, suggesting adjustments to pulse width modulation and time period may optimize lateral movement performance.
Introduction: Colorectal carcinoma is the third most common cancer worldwide. Several clinicopathological parameters act as prognostic factors in colorectal carcinoma, but only a few are helpful in ...predicting the treatment outcome. Therefore, there is a need for better prognostic markers which also aids in assessing treatment benefits in colorectal carcinoma patients. Special AT Rich Sequence Binding Protein 2 (SATB2) is a highly specific marker for colorectal tissue. Decreased expression of SATB2 is also associated with poor prognosis in colorectal carcinoma. Aim: To analyse the histomorphology, immunohistochemical expression profile of SATB2 and association with clinicopathological parameters in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study included 84 cases of colorectal carcinoma received in the Department of Pathology, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, in the period between April 2021 to September 2022. Both biopsy and resected specimens were included in the study. Relevant clinical data was collected. Histological diagnosis, grading and staging of the tumour was done using Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) slides as described and tabulated. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for SATB2 and was done and expression profile compared with the clinicopathological parameters to assess prognostic significance. Data was analysed using software-Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 23.0). Results: Out of the 84 cases, 42 were biopsy and 42 resected specimens. Mean age of the patients in the study was 57.9 years. Patients were predominantly males (n=51, 60.7%) with a male:female ratio of 1.54:1. Of the 84 cases, 40.5% (n=34) had tumour located in the rectum. Majority of the cases were moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma (n=48, 57.1%). Predominantly, stage III tumours (n=33, 39.3%) were noted. Out of the tumours showing decreased expression of SATB2, 55% (n=22) were left-sided tumours, metastasis was seen in 60% (n=24 cases), 37.5% of cases (n=9) showed lymphovascular invasion, and 55% (n=22) had a stage III tumour. Conclusion: The present study results indicate that a decrease in SATB2 expression is associated with presence of lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, regional and distant metastasis and a higher pathological stage which signifies poor prognosis in colorectal carcinoma. These aid the physician for risk stratification of patients and enable personalised treatment choices including adjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk groups.
We consider a queueing inventory with one essential and m optional items for sale. The system evolves in environments that change randomly. There are n environments that appear in a random fashion ...governed by a Marked Markovian Environment change process. Customers demand the main item plus none, one, or more of the optional items, but were restricted to at most one unit of each optional item. Service time of the main item is phase type distributed and that of optional items have exponential distributions with parameters that depend on the type of the item, as well as the environment under consideration. If the essential item is not available, service will not be provided. The lead times of optional and main items have exponential distributions having parameters that depend on the type of the item. The condition for stability of the system is analyzed by considering a multi-dimensional continuous time Markov chain that represent the evolution of the system. Under this condition, various performance characteristics of the system are derived. In terms of these, a cost function is constructed and optimal control policies of the different types of commodities are investigated. Numerical results are provided to give a glimpse of the system performance.
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