Background & Aims Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC); it is not clear if this association varies by sex or other factors. Insulin use might ...also be associated with CRC risk. We investigated associations of type 2 DM and insulin use with CRC risk. Methods The Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort is a prospective study of cancer incidence. In 1992 or 1993, adult participants (n = 184,194) completed a detailed, self-administered questionnaire. Follow-up questionnaires were sent in 1997 and every 2 years thereafter. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to calculate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for covariates. Results After exclusions, 73,312 men and 81,663 women remained in the final analytic cohort; 1567 men (227 with type 2 DM) and 1242 women (108 with type 2 DM) were diagnosed with colon or rectal cancer by 2007. Among men, type 2 DM was associated with increased risk of incident CRC compared to not having type 2 DM (RR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.08−1.44); risk was higher for participants with type 2 DM using insulin (RR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.05−1.78), and participants with type 2 DM not using insulin (RR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.04−1.45). Among women, type 2 DM and insulin use were not associated with risk of incident CRC (RR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.82−1.23 and RR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.64−1.41, respectively). Conclusions There is a modest association between type 2 DM and CRC among men, but not women. Insulin use is not associated with a substantially increased risk of CRC.
Adult survivors of childhood cancer are at risk for cardiovascular events.
In this study, we sought to determine the risk for mortality after a major cardiovascular event among childhood cancer ...survivors compared with noncancer populations.
All-cause and cardiovascular cause-specific mortality risks after heart failure (HF), coronary artery disease (CAD), or stroke were compared among survivors and siblings in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS) and participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate HRs and 95% CIs between groups, adjusted for demographic and clinical factors.
Among 25,658 childhood cancer survivors (median age at diagnosis 7 years, median age at follow-up or death 38 years) and 5,051 siblings, 1,780 survivors and 91 siblings had a cardiovascular event. After HF, CAD, and stroke, 10-year all-cause mortalities were 30% (95% CI: 26%-33%), 36% (95% CI: 31%-40%), and 29% (95% CI: 24%-33%), respectively, among survivors vs 14% (95% CI: 0%-25%), 14% (95% CI: 2%-25%), and 4% (95% CI: 0%-11%) among siblings. All-cause mortality risks among childhood cancer survivors were increased after HF (HR: 7.32; 95% CI: 2.56-20.89), CAD (HR: 5.54; 95% CI: 2.37-12.93), and stroke (HR: 3.57; 95% CI: 1.12-11.37). CAD-specific mortality risk was increased (HR: 3.70; 95% CI: 1.05-13.02). Among 5,114 CARDIA participants, 345 had a major event. Although CARDIA participants were on average decades older at events (median age 57 years vs 31 years), mortality risks were similar, except that all-cause mortality after CAD was significantly increased among childhood cancer survivors (HR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.16-2.95).
Survivors of childhood cancer represent a population at high risk for mortality after major cardiovascular events.
Display omitted
•A mechanistic succession extension was developed for the LANDIS-II forest landscape model.•PnET-BioSuccession integrates the physiology model PnET-II and the LANDIS-II Biomass ...Succession.•PnET-Succession simulates growth as a competition for light and water.•Establishment probability of species is a function of shade and soil moisture.•PnET-Succession directly links growth and competition to temperature, precipitation and atmospheric CO2.
Ecological models built on phenomenological relationships and behavior of the past may not be robust under novel conditions of the future because global changes are producing environmental conditions that forests have not experienced historically. We developed a new succession extension for the LANDIS-II forest landscape model, PnET-Succession, to simulate forest growth and succession using physiological first principles. PnET-Succession integrates the tree physiology model PnET-II with the existing LANDIS-II Biomass Succession extension. PnET-Succession simulates the competition of tree species cohorts for water and light as a function of photosynthetic processes driven by foliar nitrogen. Competition for water is simulated on each grid cell through a dynamic soil-water balance that receives precipitation and loses water through runoff, consumption in photosynthesis, and evapotranspiration. Competition for light is modeled by tracking solar radiation through canopy layers according to a standard Beer-Lambert formula. PnET-Succession requires average monthly photosynthetically active radiation, atmospheric CO2 concentration, temperature and precipitation as inputs. The new extension also dynamically calculates species establishment probabilities in each time step as a function of water and radiation stress. We calibrated PnET-Succession to biomass and LAI measurements from the Duke Experimental Forest in North Carolina (USA) and tested the calibrated model against data from the Green Ridge State Forest in Maryland. The new extension shows considerable promise for studying forest response to climate change, including changes in carbon stocks.
Background: Many studies have reported a 20% to 60% increase in risk of colorectal cancer associated with active smoking.
However, neither the U.S. Surgeon General nor the IARC have classified the ...relationship as causal because of concern about
residual confounding.
Methods: In a prospective study of 184,187 people followed from 1992 to 2005, we used Cox proportional hazard models to examine
the relationship of cigarette smoking to incident colorectal cancer, controlling for screening and multiple known and putative
risk factors. Information on smoking and time-varying covariates was updated in 1997, 1999, 2001, and 2003.
Results: The incidence of colorectal cancer was significantly higher in current hazard ratios (HR), 1.27; 95% confidence
intervals (CI), 1.06-1.52 and former smokers (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.11-1.36) compared with lifelong nonsmokers in analyses
that controlled for 13 covariates, including screening. The relative risk was greatest among current smokers with at least
50 years of smoking (HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.04-1.84). Among former smokers, risk of colorectal cancer decreased with greater
time since cessation ( P trend = 0.0003), and also decreased with earlier age at cessation ( P trend = 0.0014). No association was seen among former smokers who had quit before age of 40 years or abstained for 31 years
or more.
Conclusions: Long-term cigarette smoking is associated with colorectal cancer, even after controlling for screening and multiple
other risk factors. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3362–7)
Abstract
Background
Aspirin use reduces colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence, but there is limited evidence regarding associations of aspirin and non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ...(NSAIDs) with CRC-specific survival.
Methods
This prospective analysis includes women and men from the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort who were cancer free at baseline (1992 or 1993) and diagnosed with CRC during incidence follow-up through 2015. Detailed information on aspirin and non-aspirin NSAID use was self-reported on questionnaires at baseline, in 1997, and every 2 years thereafter. Pre- and postdiagnosis data were available for 2686 and 1931 participants without distant metastases, respectively, among whom 512 and 251 died from CRC during mortality follow-up through 2016. Secondary analyses examined associations between prediagnosis aspirin use and stage at diagnosis (distant metastatic vs localized or regional). All statistical tests were 2-sided.
Results
Long-term regular use of aspirin (>15 times per month) before diagnosis was associated with lower CRC-specific mortality (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio HR = 0.69, 95% confidence interval CI = 0.52 to 0.92). Postdiagnosis regular aspirin use was not statistically significantly associated with risk of CRC-specific mortality overall (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.62 to 1.09), although participants who began regular aspirin use only after their diagnosis were at lower risk than participants who did not use aspirin at both the pre- and postdiagnosis periods (HR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.36 to 0.98). Long-term aspirin use before diagnosis was also associated with lower odds of diagnosis with distant metastases (multivariable-adjusted odds ratio = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.53 to 0.99).
Conclusions
Our results suggest that long-term aspirin use before a diagnosis of nonmetastatic colorectal cancer may be associated with lower CRC-specific mortality after diagnosis, consistent with possible inhibition of micrometastases before diagnosis.
A recent pooled analysis of randomized trials of daily aspirin for prevention of vascular events found a substantial reduction (relative risk RR = 0.63, 95% confidence interval CI = 0.49 to 0.82) in ...overall cancer mortality during follow-up occurring after 5 years on aspirin. However, the magnitude of the effect of daily aspirin use, particularly long-term use, on cancer mortality is uncertain.
We examined the association between daily aspirin use and overall cancer mortality among 100 139 men and women with no history of cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Between 1997 and 2008, 5138 participants died from cancer. Compared with no use, daily aspirin use at baseline was associated with slightly lower cancer mortality, regardless of duration of daily use (for <5 years of use, RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.85 to 1.01; for ≥5 years of use, RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.83 to 1.02). Associations were slightly stronger in analyses that used updated aspirin information from periodic follow-up questionnaires and included 3373 cancer deaths (for <5 years of use, RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.76 to 0.94; for ≥5 years of use, RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.75 to 0.95).
These results are consistent with an association between recent daily aspirin use and modestly lower cancer mortality but suggest that any reduction in cancer mortality may be smaller than that observed with long-term aspirin use in the pooled trial analysis.
Background Epidemiologic evidence indicates that aspirin use is associated with reduced risks of colon cancer and possibly several other cancers, including prostate and breast cancers. Recent results ...from the Women's Health Study randomized trial indicate that long-term use of low-dose aspirin (100 mg every other day) does not substantially reduce cancer risk. However, the potential effect of long-term daily use of higher doses of aspirin on cancer incidence remains uncertain. Methods We examined associations between long-term daily use of adult-strength aspirin (≥325 mg/day) and both overall cancer incidence and incidence of 10 types of cancer among 69810 men and 76303 women participating in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort, a relatively elderly population. Aspirin use was reported at enrollment in 1992–1993 and updated in 1997, 1999, and 2001. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate rate ratios (RRs). Results During follow-up through June 2003, 10931 men and 7196 women were diagnosed with cancer. Long-term (≥5 years) daily use of adult-strength aspirin, compared with no use, was associated with lower overall cancer incidence in men (multivariable-adjusted RR = 0.84, 95% confidence interval CI = 0.76 to 0.93) and non–statistically significantly lower overall cancer incidence in women (multivariable-adjusted RR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.73 to 1.03). Overall cancer incidence per 100000 person-years (standardized to the age distributions of men and women in the study) with long-term daily aspirin use and no aspirin use was 1858 and 2163, respectively, among men and 1083 and 1169, respectively, among women. Long-term daily aspirin use was associated with lower incidence of colorectal cancer (RR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.52 to 0.90 among men and women combined) and prostate cancer (RR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.70 to 0.94) and a non–statistically significant lower risk of female breast cancer (RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.63 to 1.10). Conclusions Long-term daily use of adult-strength aspirin may be associated with modestly reduced overall cancer incidence in populations among whom colorectal, prostate, and breast cancers are common.
Mycobacterium abscessus infections are relatively common in patients with cystic fibrosis and are clinically challenging, with frequent intrinsic resistance to antibiotics. Therapeutic treatment with ...bacteriophages offers some promise but faces many challenges including substantial variation in phage susceptibilities among clinical isolates, and the need to personalize therapies for individual patients. Many strains are not susceptible to any phages or are not efficiently killed by lytic phages, including all smooth colony morphotype strains tested to-date. Here, we analyze a set of new M. abscessus isolates for the genomic relationships, prophage content, spontaneous phage release, and phage susceptibilities. We find that prophages are common in these M. abscessus genomes, but some have unusual arrangements, including tandemly integrated prophages, internal duplications, and they participate in active exchange of polymorphic toxin-immunity cassettes secreted by ESX systems. Relatively few strains are efficiently infected by any mycobacteriophages, and the infection patterns do not reflect the overall phylogenetic relationships of the strains. Characterization of these strains and their phage susceptibility profiles will help to advance the broader application of phage therapies for NTM infections.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
To examine the association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and survival among patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and to evaluate whether this association varies by sex, insulin treatment, ...and durations of T2DM and insulin use.
This study was conducted among 2,278 men and women diagnosed with nonmetastatic colon or rectal cancer between 1992 and 2007 in the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort, a prospective study of cancer incidence. In 1992 to 1993, participants completed a detailed, self-administrated questionnaire. Vital status and cause of death were ascertained through the end of 2008. Multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RRs) and 95% CIs were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression.
Among the 2,278 men and women with nonmetastatic CRC, there were 842 deaths by the end of follow-up (including 377 deaths from CRC and 152 deaths from cardiovascular disease CVD). Among men and women combined, compared with patients without T2DM, patients with CRC and T2DM were at higher risk of all-cause mortality (RR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.28 to 1.83), CRC-specific mortality (RR, 1.29; 95% CI, 0.98 to 1.70), and CVD-specific mortality (RR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.44 to 3.24), with no apparent differences by sex or durations of T2DM or insulin use. Insulin use, compared with no T2DM, was associated with increased risk of death from all causes (RR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.22 to 2.31) and CVD (RR, 3.87; 95% CI, 2.12 to 7.08) but not from CRC (RR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.28 to 1.19).
Patients with CRC and T2DM have a higher risk of mortality than patients with CRC who do not have T2DM, especially a higher risk of death from CVD.
We conducted a multi-stage, genome-wide association study of bladder cancer with a primary scan of 591,637 SNPs in 3,532 affected individuals (cases) and 5,120 controls of European descent from five ...studies followed by a replication strategy, which included 8,382 cases and 48,275 controls from 16 studies. In a combined analysis, we identified three new regions associated with bladder cancer on chromosomes 22q13.1, 19q12 and 2q37.1: rs1014971, (P = 8 × 10−12) maps to a non-genic region of chromosome 22q13.1, rs8102137 (P = 2 × 10−11) on 19q12 maps to CCNE1 and rs11892031 (P = 1 × 10−7) maps to the UGT1A cluster on 2q37.1. We confirmed four previously identified genome-wide associations on chromosomes 3q28, 4p16.3, 8q24.21 and 8q24.3, validated previous candidate associations for the GSTM1 deletion (P = 4 × 10−11) and a tag SNP for NAT2 acetylation status (P = 4 × 10−11), and found interactions with smoking in both regions. Our findings on common variants associated with bladder cancer risk should provide new insights into the mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
PDF
