In the present work, fluorescence anisotropy studies of BODIPY (pyrromethene 546 or C
14
H
17
BF
2
N
2
) dye have been performed and found that it has a potential to be used as a thermal probe to ...measure the temperature of microfluid. It is well-known that a dye rotates in its excited state, so to control the molecular rotation of the dye in the excited state, sorbitol is used in the solution. It has been found that adding sorbitol, fluorescence anisotropy increases, fluorescence lifetime decreases. It has been found that adding sorbitol, temperature sensitivity increases. To study the effect of -CH
2
groups on fluorescence properties, another BODIPY (pyrromethene 597 or C
22
H
33
BF
2
N
2
) dye is also used, as C
14
H
17
BF
2
N
2
and C
22
H
33
BF
2
N
2
have similar structures with a difference of only -8CH
2
groups. It has been found that C
22
H
33
BF
2
N
2
has superior properties over C
14
H
17
BF
2
N
2
, i.e., pyrromethene 597 shows larger temperature sensitivity as compared to pyrromethene 546, even without the addition of sorbitol.
Our current knowledge of genetically determined forms of epilepsy has shortened the diagnostic pathway usually experienced by the families of infants diagnosed with early-onset developmental and ...epileptic encephalopathies. Genetic causes can be found in up to 80% of infants presenting with early-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathies, often in the context of an uneventful perinatal history and with no clear underlying brain abnormalities. Although current disease-specific therapies remain limited and patient outcomes are often guarded, a genetic diagnosis may lead to early therapeutic intervention using new and/or repurposed therapies. In this review, an overview of epilepsy genetics, the indications for genetic testing in infants, the advantages and limitations of each test, and the challenges and ethical implications of genetic testing are discussed. In addition, the following causative genes associated with early-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathies are discussed in detail: KCNT1, KCNQ2, KCNA2, SCN2A, SCN8A, STXBP1, CDKL5, PIGA, SPTAN1, and GNAO1. The epilepsy phenotypes, comorbidities, electroencephalgraphic findings, neuroimaging findings, and potential targeted therapies for each gene are reviewed.
Objective
Due to variability in reports, the aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the incidence and risk factors of post-stroke early seizures (ES) and post-stroke epilepsy (PSE).
Methods
The ...MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science databases were searched for post-stroke ES/PSE articles published on any date up to November 2020. Post-stroke ES included seizures occurring within 7 days of stroke, and PSE included at least one unprovoked seizure. Using random effects models, the incidence and risk factors of post-stroke ES and PSE were evaluated. The study was retrospectively registered with INPLASY (INPLASY2023100008).
Results
Of 128 included studies in total, the incidence of post-stroke ES was 0.07 (95% confidence interval CI 0.05, 0.10) and PSE was 0.10 (95% CI 0.08, 0.13). The rates were higher in children than adults. Risk factors for post-stroke ES included hemorrhagic stroke (odds ratio OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.44, 3.18), severe strokes (OR 2.68, 95% CI 1.73, 4.14), cortical involvement (OR 3.09, 95% CI 2.11, 4.51) and hemorrhagic transformation (OR 2.70, 95% CI 1.58, 4.60). Risk factors for PSE included severe strokes (OR 4.92, 95% CI 3.43, 7.06), cortical involvement (OR 3.20, 95% CI 2.13, 4.81), anterior circulation infarcts (OR 3.28, 95% CI 1.34, 8.03), hemorrhagic transformation (OR 2.81, 95% CI 1.25, 6.30) and post-stroke ES (OR 7.24, 95% CI 3.73, 14.06).
Conclusion
Understanding the risk factors of post-stroke ES/PSE may identify high-risk individuals who might benefit from prophylactic treatment.
We synthesized evidence for effectiveness of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) as adjuvant therapy in pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) by obtaining pooled estimates for seizure outcomes and ...analyzing their determinants.
MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched up to July 2019 for original research on VNS in pediatric (≤18 years of age) epilepsy. The primary outcome was 50% responder rate (50% RR), the proportion of patients with ≥50% seizure reduction, at the last reported follow-up. Other outcomes included a 50% RR and proportion of seizure-free patients at additional reported time points. A random-effects meta-analysis with restricted maximum likelihood estimation was performed to obtain pooled effect estimates. Meta-regression using multiple linear models was performed to obtain determinants of seizure outcomes and sources of heterogeneity.
A total of 101 studies were included. The pooled prevalence estimates for a 50% RR and seizure freedom at last follow-up (mean 2.54 years) were 56.4% (95% confidence intervals CIs 52.4, 60.4) and 11.6% (95% CI 9.6, 13.9), respectively. Fewer antiseizure medications (ASMs) tried before VNS and later age at onset of seizures were associated with better seizure outcomes following VNS implantation. An effect of sex distribution of studies on long-term outcomes and a potential publication bias for short-term outcomes were also observed.
Pooled evidence supports possible effectiveness of VNS in pediatric DRE, although complete seizure freedom is less common. Early referral (fewer trials of ASMs) may be a modifiable factor for desirable seizure outcomes with VNS from a clinical perspective.
Abstract Purpose This study was planned to develop and evaluate a simple, easy-to-understand variation of the modified Atkins diet, for use by parents with low levels of literacy in children with ...refractory epilepsy. Methods This study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a simplified version of the modified Atkins diet was developed. In the second phase this was evaluated in children aged 2–14 years who had daily seizures despite the appropriate use of at least two anticonvulsant drugs, in an open-label randomized-controlled-trial. Children were randomized to receive either the simplified modified Atkins diet or no dietary intervention for a period of 3 months with the ongoing anticonvulsant medications being continued unchanged in both the groups. Reduction in seizure frequency was the primary outcome-measure. Data was analyzed using intention to treat approach. Adverse effects were also studied. (Clinical trial identifier NCT0189989). Results Forty-one children were randomly assigned to the diet-group, and 40 were assigned to the control-group. Two patients discontinued the diet during the study period. The proportion of children with >50% seizure reduction was significantly higher in the diet group as compared to the control group (56.1% vs 7.5%, p < 0.0001). The proportion of children with 90% seizure reduction was also higher in the diet group (19.5% vs 2%, p = 0.09). Six children in the diet group were seizure free at 3 months compared with two in the control group (p = 0.26). At 3 months, 6 children had constipation and 5 had weight loss. Conclusion A simplified version of the modified Atkins diet was developed for use by parents with low levels literacy. This diet was found to be feasible, efficacious and well tolerated in children with refractory epilepsy.
The temperature measurement of liquids is essential in many fields such as the thermal management of a chemical process or material synthesis. It is relatively easy to measure the liquid temperature ...on the macroscale, but temperature imaging on the micro/nanoscale is still challenging. Conventional methods such as the use of thermocouples and resistance temperature detectors and laser-induced fluorescence have drawbacks when applied to microfluidic temperature imaging techniques. In the present work, fluorescence anisotropy (FA) was used as a liquid temperature measurement method on the microscale. FA has an advantage over conventional methods of intrinsic normalization of the light intensity, which enables ratiometric measurement even when using a single wavelength from a fluorophore. We measured FA values in liquids of different viscosities and temperatures using a spectrofluorometer having two rotational polarizers, then obtained the temperature sensitivity of FA. The temperature sensitivity of FA was also theoretically investigated using the derivative of Perrin's equation, which relates FA, viscosity, temperature, fluorescence lifetime, and molecular size. The experimental results show that each molecule has an optimal viscosity range indicating the maximum temperature sensitivity and that fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran conjugates with smaller molecular weights have higher sensitivity. Also, reasonable agreement between experimental and theoretical results was confirmed. Consequently, it was clarified that the temperature sensitivity of FA can be controlled by labeling to adjust the required viscosity range of the sample solution and that theoretical estimation provides qualitative guidance for FA-based thermometry.
A low-temperature silcon oxide film was deposited at 160 to 220 °C using an atmospheric pressure CVD system with silicone oil vapor and ozone gases. It was found that the deposition rate is markedly ...increased by adding trichloroethylene (TCE) vapor, which is generated by bubbling TCE solution with N2 gas flow. The increase is more than 3 times that observed without TCE, and any contamination due to TCE is hardly observed in the deposited Si oxide films from Fourier transform infrared spectra.
Fluorescence anisotropy, a technique to study the folding state of proteins or affinity of ligands, is used in this present work as a temperature sensor, to measure the microfluidic temperature ...field, by adding fluorophore in the liquid. Fluorescein was used as a temperature-sensing probe, while glycerol-aq. ammonia solution was used as a working fluid. Fluorescence anisotropy of fluorescein was measured by varying various parameters. Apart from this, a comparison of fluorescence anisotropy and fluorescence intensity is also performed to demonstrate the validity of anisotropy to be applied in a microfluidic field with non-uniform liquid thickness. Viscosity dependence and temperature dependence on the anisotropy are also clarified; the results indicate an appropriate selection of relation between molecule size and viscosity is important to obtain a large temperature coefficient in anisotropy. Furthermore, a practical calibration procedure of the apparatus constant is proposed. In addition, the potential of temperature imaging is confirmed by the measurement of temperature distribution under focused laser heating.
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