Heat transfer fluids are a crucial parameter that affects the size and costs of heat exchangers. However, the available coolants like water and oils have low thermal conductivities, which put many ...limitations to the development of heat transfer to achieve high performance cooling. The need for development of new classes of fluids which enhance the heat transfer capabilities attracted the attention of many researchers. In the last few decades, modern nanotechnology developed nanoparticles, which have unique thermal and electrical properties that could help improve heat transfer using nanofluids. A “nanofluid” is a fluid with suspended fine nanoparticles which increases the heat transfer properties compared with the original fluid. Nanofluids are considered a new generation of heat transfer fluids and are considered two-phase fluids of liquid solid mixtures. The efficiency of the fluid could be improved by enhancing its thermal properties, especially the thermal conductivity, and it is expected that the nanofluids will have a greater thermal conductivity than the base fluids. This paper reviews the preparation of metallic and nonmetallic nanofluids along with the stability of the produced nanofluids. Physical and thermal properties as well as a range of applications are also discussed in detail.
Ticks are a common parasite that affect many animals by causing slowed growth, reduced milk output, and financial losses for industries that depend on animal hides and skins. From June to December ...2017, participatory and conventional investigations on tick infestation in camels and cattle were conducted in Kebribayah and Afdem districts of Ethiopia’s Somali Regional State. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and density of ticks in these animals and establish strategic control measures to enhance livestock productivity and livelihoods in pastoral areas. The current study found that the prevalence of tick infestation in Kebribayah and Afdem districts was 83.3% and 86.8%, respectively. Rhipicephalus pulchellus (48.9%) was identified as the most common tick species in camels and cattle, followed by Amblyomma gemma (26.3%), Hyalomma truncatum (11.6%), Amblyomma lepidum (6.7%), and Amblyomma variegatum (6.5%). Among the variables considered, age and body condition score were significant risk factors (p<0.001). Tick density varied depending on the recorded months and seasons (p<0.001), with the highest mean tick density occurring in November (32.69±21.750) and during the wet season (28.56±19.750). Livestock owners in Kebribayah and Afdem ranked topical acaricide application as the most effective tick control method, followed by ivermectin injections, with the traditional hand removal method being the least effective. These rankings were consistent across both districts, and there was moderate agreement among livestock keepers from both regions regarding the best method. Afdem livestock keepers had slightly weak agreement on high tick burden in spring (W=0.475, p=0.127), and Kebribayah livestock keepers showed slightly strong agreement in tick burden across seasons (W=0.700, p=0.038), with spring having a significantly higher burden than winter. Consequently, participatory appraisal indicated that ticks were important and prevalent ectoparasites in the study area. Finally, strategic tick control appropriate for specific management and production environments should be implemented biannually in wet seasons.
Background Subclinical mastitis in camels, an inflammation of the udder without visible signs, can reduce milk quality and raise bacteria levels. Regular monitoring of camel milk is crucial for ...consumer safety. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted in Jigjiga city, Ethiopia to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of subclinical mastitis in she-camels. The study included 244 lactating she-camels from three privately-owned camel dairy farms, and a questionnaire survey was conducted with 60 camel owners. Results The overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis in she-camels was 10.6% (26/244), with no significant difference among the studied dairy farms. Risk factors that influenced the result of California Mastitis Test (CMT) included age and udder and leg hygiene. The study revealed that S. aureus was the most prevalent bacterium among the isolated bacteria, with a prevalence rate of 34.5%. This was followed by S. agalactiae , S. dysgalactiae , and Pasteurella multocida , with prevalence rates of 29.8, 19.4, and 16.2%, respectively. Among the isolated bacteria, 84.5% were sensitive to Erythromycin, 60% to Streptomycin, 44.7% to Oxytetracycline, and 36.7% to Tetracycline. Interviews with camel owners revealed that 66.7% used mixed herd grazing methods and reported feed shortage. Treatment practices for sick camels included modern veterinary drugs, traditional medicines, or a combination of both. The owners of camel dairy farms did not maintain proper hygiene practices during milking, such as not using soap when washing hands. Conclusion Addressing camel mastitis necessitates access to alternative drugs, comprehensive herder training, and enhanced management practices.
Human capital development, attractions of sustainable living standards and renewed concerns for the planet have redirected city planners to a new frontier: the creation of sustainable cities. This is ...evident in some initiatives taken to create cities with low to zero carbon emissions, build sustainable structures and create higher institutions of learning where sustainability practices are entrenched in their curricula. Examples of the forerunners of sustainable cities are abound; from the Middle East (Education City in Qatar and Masdar City in Abu Dhabi) to Far East (Dongtan Institute in China and New Songdo City in South Korea), new cities imbued with sustainability practices are springing forth. There are 400 big cities and 23 mega cities presently occupying the world urban spaces, with estimates of about one and 10 million inhabitants, respectively. Ironically cities occupy about 2% of the earth surface, they however consume 60–80% of global energy. The global urban population rose from 220 million to about 2.8 billion in the 20th century, and it is projected that by 2050, this will increase to 6.9 billion, which is about 70% of the world population. Therefore, sustainability campaigns, when directed at cities, would have intended impacts due to a number of factors associated with cities: large population, hub of intellectual and social integration, high consumption, etc. In creating modern sustainable cities however, the attention of cities' planners and policymakers alike should be on those goals that come under the banner of sustainability, especially when designing new or retrofitting existing human settlements (the cities); such as human capital development, energy conservation and energy efficiency, water security, efficient use of earth-abundant resources, transportation, building standards, social and economic equity, and food wastes management. Although there are few review articles in the literature that separately deal with individual sustainability fundamentals, there is a dearth of publication consolidating key sustainability principles required for modern cities. This paper reviewed each element needed to make a functional sustainable city. We adopted a simple approach; we explained each sustainability principle, highlighted its core values and gave reasons why it is an important candidate to be considered in making a working city. We critiqued the current sustainable cities by stating reasons for their strengths and explanations for their deficiencies. We engaged the future sustainable cities’ planners to learn from the failures of some of the earlier hurriedly executed sustainable cities in order to have the most important elements of sustainability present in their future project execution.
Mohamoud Jama 1 and Tejvir Singh 1 and Seifelislam Mahmoud Gamaleldin 1 and Muammer Koc 1 and Ayman Samara 2 and Rima J. Isaifan 2 and Muataz A. Atieh 2 1, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad ...Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar, qf.org.qa 2, Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar, qf.org.qa Received Aug 10, 2017; Accepted Aug 17, 2017 This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 M. Jama, T. Singh, S. M. Gamaleldin, M. Koc, A. Samara, R. J. Isaifan, M. A. Atieh, "Critical review on nanofluids: preparation, characterization, and applications," Journal of Nanomaterials, vol. 2016,DOI: 10.1155/2016/6717624, 2016.
I think Canada should take this opportunity to resurrect the tarnished image of the Canadian peacekeeping soldiers in Somalia, who by unfortunate circumstances abused some Somalis in Belet Wein. ...Instead of sending peacekeeping soldiers they should send peace-making equipment to Somaliland to help them in their reconstruction effort.
Amidst the ever-expanding debates in various academic and policy fields around migrant and refugee integration and local integration, we bring these two concepts in conversation with one another. ...Until very recently, theories of integration have had a state-centric focus in the Global North. This article expands and complicates this literature to focus on displaced Somalis within Somalia and its borderlands living in the cities of Kismayo and Garowe using mixed qualitative and quantitative methods in five displacement settlements. Toward this end, we use the often- engaged term “domains of integration” to frame integration. In our conceptualization, however, we incorporate the concept of “local integration” as a durable solution. In brief, we see the domains of integration as a productive concept in the Somali context. However, in Somalia, where clans are interwoven into the state, which lacks resources and power, clan affiliation represents social connections domains, yet also influences the state's role in the foundational domain of rights and citizenship and makers and means (employment, housing, education, health). International donors and NGOs, as well as international capitalist urban expansion also have a large role in these processes. As such, we argue that the ten domains of integration (discussed in detail below) intersect and blur to an even greater extent than in European and North American contexts, particularly around crucial issues such as housing, land, and property; a key factor in people's decisions to remain or leave.
Highlights • Thirteen countries in Africa has estimated stillbirth rates of more than 30 per 1000 total births. In Somalia the estimate in 2015 was 35.5/1000 birth. • This study contributes to our ...knowledge about how stillbirth is experienced by Somali women living in Somaliland and abroad. • Four descriptive structures emerged, supporting the overarching concept of women balancing their personal feelings by accepting the will of Allah and trusting in his judgement.
A growing literature documents the significant barriers to accessing care that Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) face. This study focuses on gender-based violence (SGBV), an issue often exacerbated ...in times of forced displacement, and adds to extant debates by considering the wide range of social connections (pathways and actors) involved in providing care beyond the formal biomedical (and justice) system. This research asks, who do IDPs turn to following SGBV and why? How effective do IDPs perceive these social connections to be? To answer these research questions, the study used ‘participatory social mapping’ methodology for 31 workshops held with over 200 participants in Somalia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 2021/2022. Pathways to SGBV-related care for IDPs appear eclectic and contingent upon not only the availability and accessibility of support resources but also social, cultural and gendered beliefs and practices. ‘Physical’, mental health, and justice needs are intertwined. They are hard to decouple as many actors cut across need categories, including family, faith and aid organisations, and customary institutions. Comparing Congolese and Somali sites of displaced communities, we see significant similarities and overlaps in pathways to care. While both countries have experienced severe erosions of state capacity, NGOs and parallel faith-based and customary legal, psychological, and health systems have filled the state's weakness to varying degrees of acceptance by IDP participants. A comprehensive understanding of the local milieu, which requires illuminating the logics behind where people actually turn to for care, is crucial for interventions supporting SGBV victims/survivors; indeed, they risk being inefficient if they only address barriers to formal systems.
In the era of climate change-induced extreme rainfall events, the world faces unprecedented natural hazards, notably flooding. These events pose multifaceted risks to life, agriculture, ...infrastructure, and the well-being of society. Understanding and predicting extreme rainfall events are critical for achieving sustainable development and building resilient communities. This study employed advanced statistical techniques, specifically the generalized extreme value distribution (GEVD) and generalized Pareto distribution (GPD), using a Bayesian approach, to model and forecast annual maximum monthly rainfall in Somalia. Utilizing data spanning from 1901 to 2022, the rainfall extremes were fitted to both GEVD and GPD models using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulations. Due to the lack of specific prior information, non-informative and independent priors were used to estimate posterior densities, ensuring objectivity and data-driven results, and minimizing subjective bias. Model comparisons were conducted using the deviance information criterion (DIC), prediction errors, and k -fold cross-validation. Findings reveal the robustness of the GEVD model in forecasting and predicting rainfall extremes in Somalia. Diagnostic plots confirmed the goodness of fit of the chosen model. Remarkably, the Bayesian GEVD return level estimation suggested that extreme rainfall could exceed 106 mm, 163 mm, and 195 mm for return periods of 10, 50, and 100 years, respectively. These precise return level estimates may benefit urban planners, civil engineers, and policymakers. Armed with this knowledge, they can design resilient infrastructure and buildings capable of withstanding the most extreme climatic conditions. Therefore, this study provides critical information for fostering sustainable development and resilience against climate-induced challenges in Somalia and beyond. Accurate estimation of extreme rainfall return levels enables effective mitigation of flooding risks and supports climate-resilient urban planning, civil engineering, and policymaking. These findings also inform strategies to optimize drainage systems, fortify infrastructure, and develop adaptive policies, thereby safeguarding lives, livelihoods, and infrastructure amidst escalating climate uncertainties.
PDF
