Fungal diseases pose a major threat to ornamental plants, with an increasing percentage of pathogen-driven host losses. In ornamental plants, management of the majority of fungal diseases primarily ...depends upon chemical control methods that are often non-specific. Host basal resistance, which is deficient in many ornamental plants, plays a key role in combating diseases. Despite their economic importance, conventional and molecular breeding approaches in ornamental plants to facilitate disease resistance are lagging, and this is predominantly due to their complex genomes, limited availability of gene pools, and degree of heterozygosity. Although genetic engineering in ornamental plants offers feasible methods to overcome the intrinsic barriers of classical breeding, achievements have mainly been reported only in regard to the modification of floral attributes in ornamentals. The unavailability of transformation protocols and candidate gene resources for several ornamental crops presents an obstacle for tackling the functional studies on disease resistance. Recently, multiomics technologies, in combination with genome editing tools, have provided shortcuts to examine the molecular and genetic regulatory mechanisms underlying fungal disease resistance, ultimately leading to the subsequent advances in the development of novel cultivars with desired fungal disease-resistant traits, in ornamental crops. Although fungal diseases constitute the majority of ornamental plant diseases, a comprehensive overview of this highly important fungal disease resistance seems to be insufficient in the field of ornamental horticulture. Hence, in this review, we highlight the representative mechanisms of the fungal infection-related resistance to pathogens in plants, with a focus on ornamental crops. Recent progress in molecular breeding, genetic engineering strategies, and RNAi technologies, such as HIGS and SIGS for the enhancement of fungal disease resistance in various important ornamental crops, is also described.
Early neurological deterioration (END) is a common condition associated with poor outcome after acute ischemic stroke. We studied association between blood pressure (BP) variability and development ...of END.
In this retrospective observational study, we studied a consecutive series of patients hospitalized for acute ischemic stroke within 24 h of onset. The primary outcome of interest was the development of END according to predefined criteria within the first 72 h of stroke onset. During this period, the mean, maximum (max), and minimum (min) values for the SBP and DBP were measured. The following parameters of BP variability were calculated for the SBP and DBP: the difference between the maximum and minimum (max-min), the SD, and the coefficient of variation.
Of the 1161 patients enrolled in the study (mean age, 67.5 ± 13.3 years; 59.6% men), 210 (18.1%) developed END. All of the BP variability parameters were linearly associated with END independent of mean BP and potential clinical variables (P values < 0.05 on likelihood ratio tests for trend), except for SBPmax-min. Among the other BP parameters, SBPmean, SBPmax, DBPmax, and DBPmin were independently associated with END. After adjustments for potential confounders, the odds for END increased 14-21% with each increase of one standard deviation in the BP variability parameter.
BP variability is independently and linearly associated with the development of neurologic deterioration in acute stage of ischemic stroke.
A novel and highly efficient methodology to regulate (enhance or suppress) the Volmer–Weber 3D growth mode of ultra‐thin (<10 nm) Ag layers by modulating the surface stoichiometry of ZnO substrates ...prior to Ag deposition is presented. Relative to pristine ZnO layers, oxygen‐deficient surface states formed by preferential removal of surface oxygen atoms remarkably improve Ag layer wettability, whereas oxygen‐excessive surface states formed by oxygen atom incorporation strongly facilitate Ag agglomeration. The dissimilar nucleation and coalescence dynamics are elucidated via combined molecular dynamics and force‐bias Monte Carlo simulations. The improved wettability results in significantly lower sheet resistance in the ultra‐thin (6–10 nm) Ag layers, for example, 6.03 Ωsq−1 at 8 nm, than the previously reported values from numerous other approaches in the equal thickness range. When this unique methodology is applied to ZnO/Ag/ZnO transparent electrodes, simultaneous improvement in electrical conductivity and visible transparency is realized, with a resultant Haacke figure of merit value of 0.139 Ω−1 that is >50% higher than the best reported value for an identically structured electrode. We select transparent heating devices as a model system to confirm that the superior optoelectronic properties are highly sustainable under simultaneous and severe electrical, mechanical, and thermal stresses.
The Volmer–Weber 3D growth mode of ultra‐thin Ag layers can be efficiently regulated by modulating the surface stoichiometry of ZnO substrates prior to Ag deposition. When the methodology is applied to ZnO/Ag/ZnO transparent electrodes, a Haacke figure of merit value of 0.139 Ω−1 is achieved, which is >50% higher than the best reported value for an identically structured electrode.
Background
The association between the location and the mechanism of a stroke lesion remains unclear. A diffusion‐weighted imaging study may help resolve this lack of clarity.
Methods and Results
We ...studied a consecutive series of 2702 acute ischemic stroke patients whose stroke lesions were confirmed by diffusion‐weighted imaging and who underwent a thorough etiological investigation. The vascular territory in which an ischemic lesion was situated was identified using standard anatomic maps of the dominant arterial territories. Stroke subtype was based on the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment, or TOAST, classification. Large‐artery atherosclerosis (37.3%) was the most common stroke subtype, and middle cerebral artery (49.6%) was the most frequently involved territory. Large‐artery atherosclerosis was the most common subtype for anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, vertebral, and anterior and posterior inferior cerebellar artery territory infarctions. Small vessel occlusion was the leading subtype in basilar and posterior cerebral artery territories. Cardioembolism was the leading cause in superior cerebellar artery territory. Compared with carotid territory stroke, vertebrobasilar territory stroke was more likely to be caused by small vessel occlusion (21.4% versus 30.1%, P<0.001) and less likely to be caused by cardioembolism (23.2% versus 13.8%, P<0.001). Multiple‐vascular‐territory infarction was frequently caused by cardioembolism (44.2%) in carotid territory and by large‐artery atherosclerosis (52.1%) in vertebrobasilar territory.
Conclusions
Information on vascular territory of a stroke lesion may be helpful in timely investigation and accurate diagnosis of stroke etiology.
Strain 17mud1-7
, a pink, aerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and Gram-reaction-negative bacterium, was isolated from wet mud. The isolate grew aerobically at 18-37 °C (optimum 28 °C), at pH ...6.0-8.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0 % NaCl). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 17mud1-7
belonged to the genus Adhaeribacter with highest sequence similarity of 96.4 % to Adhaeribacter aerophilus 6424S-25
. The strain showed the typical chemotaxonomic characteristics of the genus Adhaeribacter, with the presence of menaquinone MK-7 as the respiratory quinone, and summed feature 4 (composed of iso-C17 : 1 I/anteiso-C17 : 1 B), iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 1ω5c as the major fatty acids are. The polar lipid profile contained two aminophosphoglycolipids, two glycolipids and three unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain 17mud1-7
was 45.9 mol%. Strain 17mud1-7
should thus be classified as representing a novel species in the genus Adhaeribacter, for which the name Adhaeribacter swui sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 17mud1-7
(=KCTC 52873
=NBRC 112824
).
A bacterial strain, designated 17Sr1-1
, was isolated from gamma ray-irradiated soil. Cells of this strain were Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, motile and non-spore-forming rods. Growth ...occurred at 18-42 ˚C and pH 6.0-8.0, but no growth occurred at 2 % NaCl concentration. The major fatty acids of strain 17Sr1-1
were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), iso-C17 : 1ω5c and C16 : 0. The polar lipid profile contained diphosphatidylglycerol, glycolipid, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and four unidentified lipids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of 17Sr1-1
was 71.9 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 17Sr1-1
was phylogenetically related to Roseomonas pecuniae N75
and Roseomonas rosea 173-96
(96.6 and 96.3 % sequence similarity, respectively). The genotypic and phenotypic data showed that strain 17Sr1-1
could be distinguished from its phylogenetically related species, and that this strain represented a novel species within the genus Roseomonas, for which the name Roseomonas radiodurans sp. nov. (type strain 17Sr1-1
=KCTC 52899
=NBRC 112872
) is proposed as the first reported gamma ray-resistant Roseomonas species.
Strain 17bor-2
, a gamma-resistant, pink-to-red-coloured, aerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative and Gram-stain-negative bacterium, was isolated from gamma ray-irradiated soil. The isolate grew ...aerobically at 18-37 °C (optimum, 28-30 °C), pH 6.0-8.0 (pH 6.5-7.5) and in the presence of 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl (0 % NaCl). Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain 17bor-2
belonged to the genus Deinococcus with a highest sequence similarity of 96.4 % to Deinococcus alpinitundrae ME-04-04-52
. The major fatty acids of the strain were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and cyclo C17 : 0. The only respiratory quinone was MK-8. The major polar lipids of the strain were phosphoglycolipid, aminophospholipid and an unknown glycolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain 17bor-2
was 62.8 mol%. On the basis of its phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain 17bor-2
should be classified as a novel species in the genus Deinococcus, for which the name Deinococcusirradiatisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 17bor-2
(=KCTC 33907
=NBRC 113037
).
BACKGROUND:We aimed to investigate whether blood pressure (BP) in the subacute stage of ischemic stroke affects subsequent vascular events after acute ischemic stroke.
METHODS:From a prospective ...stroke registry database, consecutive ischemic stroke patients arriving within 48 h of onset were identified. The mean and SD of SBP per patient (SBPmean and SBPSD) in the subacute stage (from 72 h of onset to discharge), were calculated. Primary outcome was a composite of stroke, myocardial infarction and vascular death that occurred within 1 year after hospital discharge. A Cox proportional hazards model was applied to elucidate whether the increase of SBPmean and SBPSD would increase the hazards of the primary outcome.
RESULTS:Of 4415 patients (age, 66.7 ± 13.2 years; men, 69.5%), mean ± SD of SBPmean and SBPSD in the subacute stage was 137.3 ± 15.4 and 13.3 ± 3.9 mmHg, respectively. Primary outcome events occurred in 6.9% during the first year after stroke. There was a significant dose–response relationship between the SBPSD and the risk of the primary outcome (P = 0.004), but not between SBPmean and the risk (P = 0.78). Interpolating the change of adjusted hazard ratio using restricted cubic spine function suggested an existence of a threshold effect of SBPSD and a U-shaped relationship of SBPmean for the composite event.
CONCLUSION:This study shows that BP variability but not mean BP in the subacute stage of ischemic stroke may increase 1-year risk of major vascular events in patients surviving its acute stage.
Backgrounds
The genera
Deinococcus Hymenobacter, Spirosoma
, and
Rubrobacter
are renowned as an extremophilic bacteria. Most of the species of these genera have been shown to be either gamma ...radiation resistant or UV radiation resistant or both. Strain 17mud 1–3 was isolated from gamma-irradiated mud sample collected at Boryeong beach, South Korea.
Methods
The genome of strain 17mud 1–3 was sequenced and assembled using Pacific Biosciences RS II system. The genome sequence was annotated using Genomes-Expert Review (IMG-ER) platform, Prodigal, and JGI GenePRIMP pipeline. The protein-coding genes were identified using Prodigal, Pfam and COG databases implemented in the IMG systems.
Results
The complete genome consists of a circular chromosome (4,403,107 bp) encoding 4,368 coding sequences (CDs) and 4,301genes.
Conclusion
The new strains showed both gamma and UV-C irradiation resistance and their complete genome sequence annotation features showed the presence of the genes involved in the radiation-resistance.
Backgrounds
The ionizing radiation from the gamma rays is damaging the genetic materials of the cells, possibly leading to cell death and cause permanent changes within daughter cells. A red ...pigmented, Gramnegative, aerobic, short-rod shaped, non-motile, UV and gamma radiation tolerant bacterium
Nibribacter radioresistens
DG15C was isolated from a soil sample collected in a rice field in South Korea.
Methods
The complete genome of DG15C was sequenced and assembled using Pacific Biosciences RS II system. The genome sequence was annotated using Genomes-Expert Review (IMG-ER) platform, Prodigal, and JGI GenePRIMP pipeline. The protein-coding genes were identified using Prodigal, Pfam and COG databases implemented in the IMG systems.
Results
The complete genome sequence of strain DG15C consists of a circular chromosome (4,143,738 bp) encoding 3,969 coding sequences (CDs) and 3,582 genes. The bacterium showed resistance to gamma and UVC radiations.
Conclusion
The genome annotation as confirmed the presence of gene clusters involved in the toxicity resistance of radiation.
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