Aedes aegypti, the 'yellow fever mosquito', is the primary vector to humans of dengue and yellow fever flaviviruses (DENV, YFV), and is a known vector of the chikungunya alphavirus (CV). Because ...vaccines are not yet available for DENV or CV or are inadequately distributed in developing countries (YFV), management of Ae. aegypti remains the primary option to prevent and control outbreaks of the diseases caused by these arboviruses. Permethrin is one of the most widely used active ingredients in insecticides for suppression of adult Ae. aegypti. In 2007, we documented a replacement mutation in codon 1,016 of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (para) of Ae. aegypti that encodes an isoleucine rather than a valine and confers resistance to permethrin. Ile1,016 segregates as a recessive allele conferring knockdown resistance to homozygous mosquitoes at 5-10 microg of permethrin in bottle bioassays.
A total of 81 field collections containing 3,951 Ae. aegypti were made throughout México from 1996 to 2009. These mosquitoes were analyzed for the frequency of the Ile1,016 mutation using a melting-curve PCR assay. Dramatic increases in frequencies of Ile1,016 were recorded from the late 1990's to 2006-2009 in several states including Nuevo León in the north, Veracruz on the central Atlantic coast, and Yucatán, Quintana Roo and Chiapas in the south. From 1996 to 2000, the overall frequency of Ile1,016 was 0.04% (95% confidence interval (CI95) = 0.12%; n = 1,359 mosquitoes examined). The earliest detection of Ile1,016 was in Nuevo Laredo on the U.S. border in 1997. By 2003-2004 the overall frequency of Ile1,016 had increased approximately 100-fold to 2.7% (+ or - 0.80% CI95; n = 808). When checked again in 2006, the frequency had increased slightly to 3.9% (+ or - 1.15% CI95; n = 473). This was followed in 2007-2009 by a sudden jump in Ile1,016 frequency to 33.2% (+ or - 1.99% CI95; n = 1,074 mosquitoes). There was spatial heterogeneity in Ile1,016 frequencies among 2007-2008 collections, which ranged from 45.7% (+ or - 2.00% CI95) in the state of Veracruz to 51.2% (+ or - 4.36% CI95) in the Yucatán peninsula and 14.5% (+ or - 2.23% CI95) in and around Tapachula in the state of Chiapas. Spatial heterogeneity was also evident at smaller geographic scales. For example within the city of Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Ile1,016 frequencies varied from 38.3%-88.3%. A linear regression analysis based on seven collections from 2007 revealed that the frequency of Ile1,016 homozygotes accurately predicted knockdown rate for mosquitoes exposed to permethrin in a bioassay (R(2) = 0.98).
We have recorded a dramatic increase in the frequency of the Ile1,016 mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of Ae. aegypti in México from 1996 to 2009. This may be related to heavy use of permethrin-based insecticides in mosquito control programs. Spatial heterogeneity in Ile1,016 frequencies in 2007 and 2008 collections may reflect differences in selection pressure or in the initial frequency of Ile1,016. The rapid recent increase in Ile1,016 is predicted by a simple model of positive directional selection on a recessive allele. Unfortunately this model also predicts rapid fixation of Ile1,016 unless there is negative fitness associated with Ile1,016 in the absence of permethrin. If so, then spatial refugia of susceptible Ae. aegypti or rotational schedules of different classes of adulticides could be established to slow or prevent fixation of Ile1,016.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
It has been suggested that the higher susceptibility of Hispanics to metabolic disease is related to their Native American heritage. A frequent cholesterol transporter ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette ...transporter A1) gene variant (R230C, rs9282541) apparently exclusive to Native American individuals was associated with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, obesity and type 2 diabetes in Mexican Mestizos. We performed a more extensive analysis of this variant in 4405 Native Americans and 863 individuals from other ethnic groups to investigate genetic evidence of positive selection, to assess its functional effect in vitro and to explore associations with HDL-C levels and other metabolic traits. The C230 allele was found in 29 of 36 Native American groups, but not in European, Asian or African individuals. C230 was observed on a single haplotype, and C230-bearing chromosomes showed longer relative haplotype extension compared with other haplotypes in the Americas. Additionally, single-nucleotide polymorphism data from the Human Genome Diversity Panel Native American populations were enriched in significant integrated haplotype score values in the region upstream of the ABCA1 gene. Cells expressing the C230 allele showed a 27% cholesterol efflux reduction (P< 0.001), confirming this variant has a functional effect in vitro. Moreover, the C230 allele was associated with lower HDL-C levels (P = 1.77 × 10−11) and with higher body mass index (P = 0.0001) in the combined analysis of Native American populations. This is the first report of a common functional variant exclusive to Native American and descent populations, which is a major determinant of HDL-C levels and may have contributed to the adaptive evolution of Native American populations.
La Meritocracia en la Gestión Pública. Perú Merino Alegría, Jannie; Rodríguez Figueroa, José Jorge; Flores Minchón, Carlos Alberto ...
Revista de climatología,
04/2024, Letnik:
24
Journal Article
En el debate de explicar cómo la meritocracia profesionaliza al personal de la administración pública para lograr transparencia y calidad en la atención a los ciudadanos, es decir, garantiza la ...equidad de apertura a los servicios estatales para mejorar la calidad de los estas asistencias ofrecidas a los ciudadanos y promover así el incremento personal y laboral de los asalariados de la administración gubernamental. Nos centramos en su importancia y entender por qué la meritocracia debe tener un impacto acentuado en el desarrollo de los cargos estatales. Teniendo en cuenta que las administraciones públicas más eficaces del mundo emplean la meritocracia, y ponen énfasis en el equilibrio en los méritos profesionales, animándolos a mejorar continuamente; más aún cuando nos referimos a la selección y ratificación de jueces, juezas y fiscales en el país, en esta instancia donde debe tenerse en cuenta sus calificaciones, experiencia, capacitaciones y méritos, más que factores ajenos a su currículum, como contactos o influencia. Por su parte los ciudadanos creen que los criterios de confianza, habilidad, amistad, compadrazgo son los factores principales que se consideran a la hora de nombrar y ratificar a magistrados y el mérito no cuenta como un factor decisivo. De esta manera, los administrados judiciales y fiscales rara vez se refieren a quienes ocupan los cargos más importantes dentro del sistema de justicia con el adverbio “profesional”. En este marco se debe considerar a la meritocracia como la garantía de la continuidad de la gestión pública buscando fortalecer el sistema de administración de justicia, donde los jueces, juezas y fiscales idóneos ejercerán función jurisdiccional y fiscal, bajo la exigencia del mérito “Profesionalización”. Siendo empleada en este contexto de políticas gubernamentales para mejorar la administración pública en el sector justicia y por ende disminuir la corrupción.
La obligatoriedad o voluntariedad de la Responsabilidad social, más adelante RS en la administración pública es un tema, relevante para académicos y gestores de la Administración pública. Existen dos ...posturas marcadas sobre la Responsabilidad social, la postura por la voluntariedad obedece a la amplia coincidencia que la RS va más allá de la exigencia legal. No obstante, existen experiencias en algunos países europeos -España y Suecia-, que instan a sus administraciones públicas a aplicar a sí mismas criterios de RS con carácter de ejemplaridad a través de publicación de memorias de sostenibilidad. Se examinó información bibliográfica de los últimos años en relación al concepto de la Responsabilidad social voluntaria y legal, cómo esta práctica tiene incidencia dentro de la administración pública, con el fin de comprender cuál es la forma más adecuada para aplicarla en las instituciones del estado. Se discuten con la debida sustentación las dos propuestas opuestas sobre la RS, voluntaria y legal.
Background Aedes aegypti, the ayellow fever mosquitoa, is the primary vector to humans of dengue and yellow fever flaviviruses (DENV, YFV), and is a known vector of the chikungunya alphavirus (CV). ...Because vaccines are not yet available for DENV or CV or are inadequately distributed in developing countries (YFV), management of Ae. aegypti remains the primary option to prevent and control outbreaks of the diseases caused by these arboviruses. Permethrin is one of the most widely used active ingredients in insecticides for suppression of adult Ae. aegypti. In 2007, we documented a replacement mutation in codon 1,016 of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene (para) of Ae. aegypti that encodes an isoleucine rather than a valine and confers resistance to permethrin. Ile1,016 segregates as a recessive allele conferring knockdown resistance to homozygous mosquitoes at 5a10 Amg of permethrin in bottle bioassays. Methods and Findings A total of 81 field collections containing 3,951 Ae. aegypti were made throughout MACOxico from 1996 to 2009. These mosquitoes were analyzed for the frequency of the Ile1,016 mutation using a melting-curve PCR assay. Dramatic increases in frequencies of Ile1,016 were recorded from the late 1990's to 2006a2009 in several states including Nuevo LeA3n in the north, Veracruz on the central Atlantic coast, and YucatA!n, Quintana Roo and Chiapas in the south. From 1996 to 2000, the overall frequency of Ile1,016 was 0.04% (95% confidence interval (CI95) = 0.12%; n = 1,359 mosquitoes examined). The earliest detection of Ile1,016 was in Nuevo Laredo on the U.S. border in 1997. By 2003a2004 the overall frequency of Ile1,016 had increased a14100-fold to 2.7% (A-0.80% CI95; n = 808). When checked again in 2006, the frequency had increased slightly to 3.9% (A-1.15% CI95; n = 473). This was followed in 2007a2009 by a sudden jump in Ile1,016 frequency to 33.2% (A-1.99% CI95; n = 1,074 mosquitoes). There was spatial heterogeneity in Ile1,016 frequencies among 2007a2008 collections, which ranged from 45.7% (A-2.00% CI95) in the state of Veracruz to 51.2% (A-4.36% CI95) in the YucatA!n peninsula and 14.5% (A-2.23% CI95) in and around Tapachula in the state of Chiapas. Spatial heterogeneity was also evident at smaller geographic scales. For example within the city of Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Ile1,016 frequencies varied from 38.3%a88.3%. A linear regression analysis based on seven collections from 2007 revealed that the frequency of Ile1,016 homozygotes accurately predicted knockdown rate for mosquitoes exposed to permethrin in a bioassay (R super(2) = 0.98). Conclusions We have recorded a dramatic increase in the frequency of the Ile1,016 mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of Ae. aegypti in MACOxico from 1996 to 2009. This may be related to heavy use of permethrin-based insecticides in mosquito control programs. Spatial heterogeneity in Ile1,016 frequencies in 2007 and 2008 collections may reflect differences in selection pressure or in the initial frequency of Ile1,016. The rapid recent increase in Ile1,016 is predicted by a simple model of positive directional selection on a recessive allele. Unfortunately this model also predicts rapid fixation of Ile1,016 unless there is negative fitness associated with Ile1,016 in the absence of permethrin. If so, then spatial refugia of susceptible Ae. aegypti or rotational schedules of different classes of adulticides could be established to slow or prevent fixation of Ile1,016. Author Summary Pyrethroid insecticides prolong the opening of voltage-dependent sodium channels in insect nerves to produce instant paralysis and aknock-down.a Many insects have evolved knock-down resistance through nonsynonymous mutations that reduce pyrethroid binding in the channels. In 2006 we discovered one such mutation in the arbovirus mosquito vector Aedes aegypti, called Ile1,016, that confers very high knockdown resistance to the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin in mosquitoes homozygous for this mutation. We examined collections of Ae. aegypti from MACOxico during 1996a2009 and found that the overall Ile1,016 frequency increased from &0.1% in 1996a2000, to 2%a5% in 2003a2006, to 38.3%a88.3% in 2007a2009 depending upon collection location. We also demonstrate a strong linear relationship between the frequency of Ile1,016 homozygotes and knockdown rate in bioassays and speculate that widespread use of permethrin-based insecticides in MACOxico may be impacting the frequency of Ile1,016. Such a rapid increase is predicted by a simple model of positive directional selection acting on a recessive allele. Unfortunately this model also predicts rapid fixation of Ile1,016 unless there is a negative fitness associated with Ile1,016 in the absence of permethrin and if insecticidal pressure can be reduced.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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