Archaeological sites in Slovenia have yielded a number of Roman bronze helmets from the Late Republican and Early Imperial periods. More precisely, there are six (nearly) complete examples, several ...fragments of another helmet, five pieces of five different other helmets and possibly a cheek-piece. Four of the helmets belong to the Etrusco-Italic type, with the bowl and knob made in a single piece and with a polished exterior, of which the latest dated example is from around 70 BC. The other helmets or their parts are of the Buggenum (upper part of one helmet with a crest-knob) and Haguenau types (two helmets, two crest-knobs, two upper part fragments with a crest-knob), one also of the transitory form between the two types; all these date to the Early Principate. The helmets have been subjected to PIXE analyses to determine the approximate elemental composition. The results have shown that the helmets proper are mainly made of bronze with a medium amount of tin (roughly 6 to 12%) and no or very little lead or other elements, the hinges for attaching the cheek-pieces are of bronze and on one helmet of iron, rivets are of copper and on one helmet of iron, while the use of brass and the practice of soldering have been recorded on the helmets of the latest type (Haguenau) and on the helmet of the transitory Buggenum/Haguenau form.
Typical of an as yet unidentified group of daggers with a semicircular pommel are distinctive brass rivets with heads decorated with a raised edge and a small raised circle in ...the center. Such rivets, together with brass sus-pension loops, are also characteristic of the associated sheaths constructed of metal shells (Scott Type A). The largest number of these daggers and sheaths come from the fortress of Dangstetten, therefore we suggest they be called after this site.The described daggers and sheaths come from sites and contexts that indicate a dating from the end of the early or the beginning of the middle Augustan Period to the end of the Augustan Period.
this article looks at a group of swords and associated scabbards from the transition of the Late La tène to the Roman period. Werner (1977) put forward the hypothesis of their ...Norican origin, while in later publications their production on the territory of the treveri is also presumed.Our research has shown that parts of all four items from Slovenia for which the composition of the metal has been determined, are of pure brass. In view of the fact that the same applies to the three analysed items of this group from Germany and Slovakia, as well as the finding that the name stamp on one of the swords of the group reveals a Latin name, we assume that they were made in a Celto-Roman milieu; their distribution seems to suggest North-eastern ancient Italy as the possible area of their production.
Examination of the internal structure and composition of cultural object is extremely important for its conservation and should be carried out before conservation is planned. Knowledge of the ...internal structure of an object is also important for the study of ancient manufacturing technologies and sometimes also for determination of its function. In the examination of the interior structure and composition of cultural objects often only methods involving non-destructive examination (NDE) are acceptable. The shape, structure and condition of metal parts can be revealed, e.g. by conventional X-ray Radiography (XR), or computed tomography (CT), while Neutron Radiography (NR) primarily helps to detect the presence of organic materials and in their identification. In the paper some typical examples of the use of NR in the examination of the internal structure of selected cultural objects are presented. The examination of these objects by NDE techniques was an integral part of their conservation process, as well as of their study by archaeologists and historians.
Glass beads from graves excavated in Slovenia and dated archaeologically to the 7th–10th century AD were analysed by the combined PIXE–PIGE method. The results indicate two groups of glass; natron ...glass made in the Roman tradition and glass made with alkalis from the ash of halophytic plants, which gradually replaced natron glass after c. 800 AD. The alkalis used in the second group of glass seem to be in close relation to a variant of the Venetian white glass that appeared several centuries later. The origin of this glass may be traced to glass production in Mesopotamia and around the Aral Sea. All the mosaic beads with eye decoration, as well as most of the drawn-segmented and drawn-cut beads analysed, are of plant-ash glass, which confirms their supposed oriental origin.
The paper gives the results of our research into the technique of manufacture of the laddered chape from the sword scabbard with openwork fitment from the River Ljubljanica. In addition to ...characterisation of the alloys by proton-induced X-ray emission spectrometry (PIXE; cf. Šmit, Istenič, Perovšek 2010) the study included observation of fragments of bridges from the laddered chape using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), semi-quantitative chemical analysis of minute areas under an electron microscope (SEM/EDS) and metallographic research. Results of the study indicate that the laddered chape was made of forged steel and that the very thin layers (lamellae) of bronze in the front bridges acted as solders, thus giving an idea of how the laddered chape was constructed.
The paper deals with net-like fitments which were attachedto the tips of sword-scabbards. In two cases it is clear thatsuch fitments were attached to scabbards of the Mainz type.The ...relatively good dating evidence indicates that they werecurrent during the time of Augustus, especially in the decadesbefore Christ. Their wide geographical distribution implies thatthey were part of the “regular” production of Roman weapons.Their chronological relationship to the openwork/opus interrasileand embossed fitments, which also occurred on sword-scabbardsof the Mainz type, is discussed as well
V članku obravnavamo pozlačen bronast portretni kip v togi in druge ob njem najdene dele spomenika, tj. marmorni podstavek in marmorni korintski kapitel, ki so jih l. 1836 izkopali v Ljubljani. Iz ...arhivskih virov izhaja, da so bili najdeni v severozahodnem vogalu izkopnega polja za stavbo Kazine, tj. na območju začetka severnega emonskega grobišča, tik ob glavni cesti. Stilne značilnosti kipa in kapitela kažejo na datacijo v prvo pol. 2. stoletja. Na kipu, podstavku in kapitelu so ohranjene železne opore, zatiči in svinčene zalivke, ki jasno kažejo, da je bil kip prvotno pritrjen na podstavek in ta na kapitel, pod katerim je bil steber. Zadnji je omenjen v poročilu o izkopavanjih, vendar danes ni več ohranjen. Doslej poznani rimski portretni spomeniki na stebrih so v dobi principata omejeni na obeležja cesarjem ter povezani s čaščenjem cesarjev po smrti: označujejo mesto njihove upepelitve, so spomeniki njihovi apoteozi in lahko tudi nagrobni spomeniki, v dveh primerih pa obenem tudi slavnostni obeležji zmage. Domnevamo, da so emonski kip, podstavek in kapitel sestavni deli zaenkrat edinstvenega primera osebi izven cesarske družine postavljenega nagrobnega spomenika s stebrom in celopostavno soho na vrhu. Morda je bilo takih spomenikov več, vendar se niso ohranili oziroma so ohranjeni le njihovi deli, ki niso prepoznani kot ostanki stebrnih spomenikov.
A reconsideration of the records of the objects in the originalpublication (Stare 1953) and the study of the two finds fromthe River Ljubljanica, published here for the first time, haveshown that the ...so-called early Roman “Hoard of Vrhnika” is acollection of objects from the river; some, or perhaps all ofthem come from the Bevke sector. The gladius and its scabbardwith gilded relief-decorated silver fitments (from the “Hoardof Vrhnika”), and also the military belt-plate from the RiverLjubljanica published here, constitute a set. They are productsof the Augustan period and originate in Italian territory. Inview of the prestigious character of this set, it seems likelythat it had belonged to a Roman officer.
This paper presents the results of research on broochesbelonging to the Alesia group. The study includes 18 out ofthe 24 examples known from Slovenia. In addition to typolog-ical ...and chronological questions, the paper concentrates onthe alloys used for the brooches. The majority of these broocheswere made of brass and originate most probably from Italianworkshops. Brooches of the Alesia group are, for now, the oldestgroup of Roman brooches for which brass was used (at leastin Italy). These results indicate that the Romans used brass inpre-Augustan period more extensively than has been generallyaccepted.
