The main goal of this article is to compare Polish and Hungarian proverbs and phraseological expressions including the names of some celestial bodies (the stars, the Moon, the Sun and the Earth). The ...analysis of the material showed the significant similarities but in some cases evident differences as well. The majority of metaphors found in proverbs and set phrases suggests anthropocentrism and shows that people do not merely acquire knowledge of and experience the world but also assess it in their own particular ways.
The main aim of this article is to compare the Polish and Hungarian phraseological and mass media expressions concerning the name of human body. The analysis of the material showed the certain ...similarities but in a lot of cases evident differences as well. The majority of metaphors found in set phrases suggests anthropocentrism and shows that people not merely acquire knowledge of and experience the world but also assess it in their own particular ways. The reconstruction of the linguistic image of the world as a language- and culture specific phenomenon makes it possible to gain a possibly adequate idea of the categorization of the world by humans and the conceptualization of information thus attained. The conceptualization of the notion of human body includes for example: a body as a MAN; as an ENEMY; as a FLAT; as a CONTAINER, as an OBJECT; as an OBSTACLE; as a PATTERN /MODEL; as a GOODS; as an OBJECT OF ATTACK; as a MEANS OF PAYMENT, etc.
The names of peoples, nations & tribes do not only have a reference function but also evoke stereotypic forms of consciousness & thus turn into carriers of various judgments. The author reconstructs ...the images of the Poles & Hungarians fixed in Polish & Hungarian proverbs, demonstrating how these peoples see themselves & each other. References. Adapted from the source document
This paper is an attempt to restore the linguistic image of the world recorded in the language of present-day users. The material investigated is based on a questionnaire survey (17 questionnaires, ...132 Polish informants). The analysis shows that the cognitive basis of this concept is made up of some profiles, conceptualizations. It may be concluded that this concept is widely regarded as multicategorial (ontological, axiological, biological, social and religious category). The linguistic image of the lexeme 'life' in the opinion of the informants markedly differs from those of dictionary definitions. Adapted from the source document
Hungarian language policies are considered, recognizing the fact that in today's world, small languages & cultures are marginalized & dominated by such major languages as English, Russian, German, or ...French. The threats posed by such dominant languages to lesser European languages are considered, noting that the latter may lose their communicative function & disappear altogether in the 21st century. It is proposed that Hungarian schools recognize the fact that English will dominate as a medium of international communication & give it appropriate place & weight in curricula. Thus, English should be the first second language taught, while Russian, German, French, Spanish, or Italian should be offered as a second foreign language course. One of the country's neighboring languages must be included in curricula as a third foreign language. Hungarian educators & schools must also devote proper attention to teaching language for special purposes. New attitudes need to be developed in regard to languages for special purposes now when the country has become a member of the European Union, & communication in the various spheres of social, political, or economic life requires familiarity with special languages. 19 References. Adapted from the source document
Avtor v svojem članku pretresa občo jezikovno sliko v svetu in z njo povezano problematiko mednarodnega jezikovnega sporazumevanja. V sodobnem svetu smo pri malih jezikih in njihovih kulturah priča ...brezobzirnemu tekmovanju, boju in njihovemu izrinjanju. V zvezi s tem se je v lingvodidaktiki pokazala neizogibna potreba po izoblikovanju nove zasnove, kajti dosedanja jezikovna politika, ki upošteva samo velike evropske jezike (angleški, nemški, ruski, francoski), ni izpolnila naših pričakovanj. - V današnjem času je pred nami resen problem specialnih jezikov. V obdobju priključitve k Evropski uniji moramo imeti pred seboj dejstvo, da ima poljuben sistem, pa naj bo politični, družbeni, državni ali administrativni, svoj specialni jezik. Z vsakim sistemom je povezana posebna kultura, specifična jezikovna pragmatika, določen način izražanja in utemeljevanja itn.
Towards the end of the 19th century, the innovative materials of the Neogrammarians started to become exhausted. The inductive paradigm they supported, accompanied by historicism, positivism, ...evolutionism & psychologism, was replaced in the first quarter of the 20th century by a new linguistic paradigm called structuralism, that is, verificationism. Within the context of structuralist concepts, natural language was considered an entity (system of signs) that exists independently of people; on the one hand, in the mind of the speaker it has significant autonomy, on the other, it exists independently of it. N. Chomsky was the first to initiate attempts to establish the relation between language & the speaker by redirecting the interest of linguists within the framework of generative, that is, falsification paradigm, from the language corpus to the study of the so called linguistic competence. Only recently, scientists have started to turn towards the cognitive role of language, that is, towards the function language has within the man's mental framework. The concept of knowledge has an important role in the cognitive theory of language. Knowledge is almost exclusively explained by the content of various spoken & written linguistic expressions. However, that kind of knowledge can be qualified as an error of ontological type. The author proves that knowledge is such a quality that it cannot be conveyed to anyone, & that is why people use languages, why they create them. When interacting, people convey to each other signals that replace knowledge. These signals can be more or less adequate language signs. These language signs can only serve to evoke symbols in the process of communication. Knowledge can be reconstructed, created, only on the basis of information that is known. References. Adapted from the source document
In this paper the authors present dictionary definitions of the notion of work, then they analyse the results of questionnaire materials. The questionnaire contained 16 questions, three of which ...concerned age, gender and educational level. The rest of the questions were as follows: 1. What does work mean to you? 2. What reaction does the word work trigger? 3. What attributes of the work do you know? 4. The aim of the work. 5. Why must we work? 6. What are the results of the work? 7. What work would you like to do? 8. What is the attitude of the society to work? 9. Why does the society consider work as a value? 10. What is your opinion about unemployment? 11. What is the ideal work? 12. Name the synonyms of the word work. 13. What songs, proverbs, idiomatic expressions, etc. do you know in connection with work? This paper does not contain the results of the last two questions. Adapted from the source document
Part 2 of a comparative list of Polish & Hungarian consonantal clusters continues with groups of phonemes occurring in medial positions. Groups with occurrence limited to only Polish or Hungarian or ...shared by both languages are inventoried by cluster size (from three to six elements). Z. Dubiel
